时间：2023-05-30 09:27:14
开篇：写作不仅是一种记录，更是一种创造，它让我们能够捕捉那些稍纵即逝的灵感，将它们永久地定格在纸上。下面是小编精心整理的12篇成也萧何败萧何，希望这些内容能成为您创作过程中的良师益友，陪伴您不断探索和进步。
但是运营商的互联网产品奄奄一息的多，所以说运营商的互联网产品会死，是不负责任的说法，在运营商的体制内，上线一个产品很漫长，让一个产品死也很漫长。所以这里说的死，其实是说那些奄奄一息的运营商互联网产品，或者被阉割的互联网产品(请不要联想刚刚被叫停的某产品，后果自负)。
于是我总结了运营商互联网产品的十大死法，仅供娱乐，如有雷同，纯属巧合，切勿对号入座。
第十名：部门内斗死。大家都懂得，不让我成功，也不让你成仁，合作代替竞争的企业文化必然结果。
第九名：定制机预装死。很烂的定制机，很烂的体验，不死才怪。
第八名：因KPI死。成也萧何败萧何，要进KPI要做很多工作，工作不到位，不死才怪。
第七名：被竞争产品吓死。看看微信对运营商的心理沉重大家，有谁知道有多少类似的产品已经胎死腹中?
第六名：因信息安全死。提起安全运营商都一把泪，为何不能和互联网一样待遇?
第五名：投诉死。不满意可以找工信部，它管不了互联网的互联网产品，运营商的还是可以管的。
第四名：躺着中枪死。互联网打架，殃及池鱼，运营商整改，你也懂得。
第三名：自主创新死。这个年代，不会开发的运营商不是好运营商，收购是最没技术含量的手段，鄙视。
有人说2011年是天使投资元年，有人说2011年是微博元年。2011年对于投资行业，对于互联网而言都是特殊的一年。2011年薛蛮子微博打拐，让人们认识了天使投资人；王功权私奔，让原本处于隐形状态的投资行业被公之于众，而且一时之间引起了娱乐效应；李国庆与张兰的对骂让人们看到了投资人与企业之间的是非争端。而这一切的发生，似乎都源于互联网。可谓成也萧何败萧何，互联网在为众多企业带来名利双收的机会之时，也带来了更多的麻烦。
拉手网的上市未果，更让众人开始质疑曾经那些蜂拥而上的投资人的眼光。2011年，IPO之路重重受阻，VIE风云变幻，尤其是进入下半年之后，愈发出现投融资渐冷的趋势。一直被众人吹起的互联网泡沫，终于暴晒在阳光之下，让人们开始变得谨慎。
尽管2011年有着如此之多的是非，无论从投资项目的数量还是从投资金额上来看，互联网行业依然是创业投资机构投资排行榜上的第一名。在投资金额上，互联网行业也夺得了私募股权投资基金投资排行榜上的桂冠。
清科研究中心的数据显示：2011年中国创投市场募资、投资、退出均创下历史新高。2011年互联网领域投资无论从投资案例数抑或投资总额均再创历史新高，投资案例较2010年的125起涨幅达120.8%；投资金额较2010年的7.18亿美元增长达359.5%。
据了解，2011年，中国创投市场共发生投资案例1503起，其中披露金额的1452起投资涉及投资金额共计127.65亿美元，投资涉及到的行业达到23个，互联网行业投资案例276个，投资金额为32.99亿美元，遥遥领先于位居第二的清洁技术行业投资案例数129，投资金额9.43亿美元。
根据艾瑞咨询集团的数据，2011年中国十大热门网络服务中，微博排在首位，月复合增长率达到12.5%，团购排在第二位，月复合增长率达到11.9%，第三的是比价购物网站，月复合增长率达到9.3%。B2C的电子商务网站位列第九，复合增长率仅为3.2%。事实上，在这十大热门网络服务中，细分领域的电子商务仍然获得了最多的投资，随着网上零售交易总额占社会消费品零售总额比重的不断攀升，越来越多的创投参与到电商投资中。
纵观创投市场，IDG显然对互联网行业尤为钟情。据清科研究中心披露，IDG在2011年共涉及14起投资案例，有10起案例是针对互联网行业的。其中5起案例投资电子商务领域，其中包括2011年9月与挚信资本共同投资电子商务公司易积科技、百分点科技、寺库网、凡客诚品以及韩都衣舍等等。
在私募股权投资市场中，中国在2011年共产生投资交易695起，其中披露金额的643起案例涉及投资总金额高达275.97亿美元。从案例的投资数量上看，互联网行业有44起，排在所有行业的第五位。而从投资的金额上看，互联网行业发生多起大额交易，44起案例共计投资金额为24.98亿美元，数量和金额均为2010年的两倍。
在众多投资案例中，金额较大的有若干起。2011年3月团购网站拉手网获得来自于金沙江创投、麦顿投资等机构共计1.1亿美元的投资。此外，软银中国投资网络视频公司聚力传媒2.5亿美元，电子商务网站凡客诚品获得来自IDG、淡马锡等机构共计2.3亿美元的投资等等。
“因为飞机经常误点?”众所周知，国内航班的误点率非常高，延误两三个小时是家常便饭。
“这只是其中一个原因，坐飞机要去机场，通常机场都在郊区，并且坐飞机时间久了会不舒服。现在一二线城市都在大力发展地铁，未来城市之间还会有更多的城际铁路连通。平时我们到江浙的企业做调研，开车会很累而且经常遇到堵车，现在只需两个小时就可到达目的地。大家最直观的感受是生活更加便利和环保了，可你们注意到这里面的投资机会了么?”邵骥咏称，这仅仅是低碳生活一个小小的情节，未来这一覆盖范围非常广的投资主题已深入人心，对相关行业的需求，决定了其蕴含的巨大的投资机会。
政策才是市场头上的紧箍咒
近期，市场对那次11・12大跌似乎“耿耿于怀”，一时间各种版本在坊间热议。从老生常谈的技术层面，到对2010年11月11日公布的CPI消化反应，甚至一度连投资大鳄索罗斯联合某国际投行做空A股市场被都传得沸沸扬扬。在记者的了解中，邵骥咏的分析代表了大部分公募基金经理的看法。要分析为什么下跌，就要先看为什么上涨。
“市场自2010年4月出现单边下跌，7月经历了一次像样的反弹。当时的背景是市场普遍对未来行情持悲观情绪，经济二次探底、欧债危机的进一步扩散等各种利空消息喧嚣尘土。但7月的PMI连续向好，CPI控制在了3％左右，货币政策维持了适度宽松的稳定性。企业盈利层面，中报和三季报都超预期。加之6月底市场的估值合理，已处于相对低点。而10月的这波行情源自国庆期间美元指数连创新低，间接造成流动性泛滥，热钱涌入市场，大宗商品价格持续上涨，煤炭、有色等带动大盘强势上涨。”万事俱备，只欠流动性。邵骥咏指出，流动性一到，上涨不足为奇。
正是“成也萧何败萧何”，这种流动性充裕预期的破灭转身就给了市场沉重打击。“2010年10月的CPI数据一出来，便有先知先觉的机构开始撤离。过去5年，只要CPI超过4％，部委会联合采取行政手段调控物价，央行会收紧货币政策。10月19日央行3年以来第一次加息，并且在随后连续3次统一上调存款准备金率，一次差别上调存款准备金率。这给了市场非常明确的信号：适度宽松的货币政策发生了实质变化，转而采取稳健或更为严厉的紧缩。”邵骥咏说。
从国外来看，美联储的QE2引发的海外讨伐在G20首尔峰会召开时达到，各国均对QE2提出了措辞严厉的批评。更多的新兴经济体在口头抗议的同时，不得不采取资本控制等行政手段来抵御冲击，防范美元贬值和流动性泛滥带来的本币升值和热线涌入等多重风险。美元止跌反弹，大宗商品应声而落，泡沫被刺破。在国内外对政策实质是对流动性悲观的预期之下，市场只是做出了最本能的反应。
弱势调整下低碳基金机会大于风险
邵骥咏认为，除非政府持续出台收缩流动性、继续打压投资的政策，指数出现趋势性下跌的可能不大。加之央行在2010年12月20日年内第6次上调存款准备金率，这也给市场对年内再次加息的预期有所放缓。“2004年5月和2007年5月的CPI都曾超过4％，但两者的市场表现不同。调整是市场的正常反应，但要想这种反应成为一种常态，需要一个条件：估值水平到相对高位，企业盈利减少。”
目前沪深300指数2011年的PE数据位于5年均值的下方，而企业盈利却在5年均值的上方，对应2011年的动态PE为18倍处于历史低位。“就低碳基金而盲，机会比风险更多。受政策影响的行业本来就不是低碳基金的投资重点，低碳板块现在估值水平普遍为2011年动态市盈率的20倍左右，相对2010年初的50倍已下降很多，且考虑到其持续成长性和政策受益潜力，通过精选其中估值较低、成长性更高的个般，择机建仓仍有很大的获利机会。”邵骥咏说。
低碳概念投资也有先后
低碳经济是市场中少见的涵盖范围很广的投资主题，既有第一产业的农业林业，又有第二产业工业制造业，更有第三产业的各类服务业和金融业，在地域上也没有明显区别，没有沿海的企业就比内地的企业优秀之说。可以说，当这个新颖的主题扑面而来的时候，投资者可能会感觉无从下手。
邵骥咏介绍，从通常的思维逻辑来看，遵循能源的流转循环路线是一个思路。“能源在生产上有太能能、风能与核能等行业，其次能源在传送中需储存、运输，则有智能电网、电池材料和技术等行业；最后在应用上有工业节能、交通节能和建筑节能等概念的行业。”
不过，在投资上，邵骥咏表示可能并不需要遵循这个推进程序。“投资所关注的逻辑更多的是成本和收益。按这个来排序的话，上述的过程几乎正好是颠倒过来：首先是节能，然后是减排，再后面才是新能源和碳交易等。原因很简单，中国在单位GDP能耗上是有硬指标的，我们向国际社会承诺到2020年减排40％－45％，肯定是挑最容易做到的先来，从成本和效益比来看，节能对碳减排的贡献最大，其次是减排，最后是新能源。”
从国外的经验来看，基本上也有这个趋向。
为什么人类不像非洲黑猩猩而成为人？
没有人会把人和非洲黑猩猩认错，然而，我们与黑猩猩共同拥有的DNA要比和猫与老鼠分享的DNA要多，为什么会这样呢？基因组学领域取得的突破给我们提供了些许答案和启发。
将人类的基因组和黑猩猩的基因组并排放在一起，我们就会发现，其差异还不到1%。看起来似乎并不多，但是，这小小的差异相当于3000多万个基因点发生了突变。在我们所拥有的3万个基因中，约80%的基因会因为这些差异受到影响，而且，尽管大多数基因只出现了一两个变化，但是，这些细微变化可能会造成巨大的影响。例如，由人的FOXP2基因（该基因有助于人类说话）制造出的蛋白质与黑猩猩体内该蛋白质相比，就有两个氨基酸不一样。而且，小脑症基因（microcephalin）和ASPM基因的细微变化可能是造成人类和黑猩猩脑容量出现巨大差异的“幕后黑手”。小脑症基因和ASPM是两个调节人类大脑尺寸的基因，它们由苏格兰爱丁堡大学的罗伯特?拉德和丹?代度发现。
美国耶鲁大学的詹姆斯?努南表示，蛋白质进化仅仅是使得我们之所以成为人的部分原因。基因调控的变化同样非常关键，所谓基因调控就是，在发育过程中，基因什么时候以及在何处被表达。关键的发育基因内发生的变异很可能至关重要。不过，努南也表示：“单一组织内的一个基因的表达发生变化或者只发生一次变化或许更容易导致一个并不那么具有颠覆性的革新。”
努南团队和其他很多科学家们正忙于比较诸如大脑等组织内的基因表达，以揪出人类和黑猩猩之间关键性的基因调控差异，这些调控差异的大部分仍未被揭示出来。
参与了黑猩猩基因组测序工作的美国华盛顿大学的生物学家艾文?艾希勒表示，基因再复制也扮演着非常重要的角色。这可能会产生一些功能非常多样而且能够承担新功能的基因家族。他的实验室已经找出了其中一些人类独有的基因家族，这些基因家族可能会对人类生物学的很多方面——从免疫系统到大脑发育等产生影响。他认为，基因再复制对人类所拥有的新奇的认知能力的进化功不可没，但是，成也萧何败萧何，作为代价，人类因此也更容易罹患神经性疾病。
复制错误意味着整块DNA会被删除。这样，其他DNA块会发现自己处于新的位置上，此时，不停游动的遗传元素会在基因组周围四处跳动；病毒或许也会将自己整合进入我们的DNA中，导致人类中招。人的基因组中包含有2.6万多个这些所谓的“插入和删除（统称为indels）”，其中很多同人和黑猩猩之间的基因表达的差异有关。
美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校的阿季特?瓦尔基则表示，甚至一类完整的遗传差异都无法解决人类和黑猩猩之间的差异问题。使得人类之所以成为人类的很大一部分原因在于文化，文化可以通过学习代代相传。而且，基因和文化的协同进化是人类进化的主要驱动力，比较著名的例子是奶农的后代能够消化奶蛋白。
为了揭示人类独特性的奥秘，我们需要知道基因组如何建立了我们的身体和大脑；大脑如何创造出了文化以及文化如何最终反哺基因组甚至改变了基因组。而要想回答这些问题，人类还有很长的路要走。
为什么我们变成两足动物直立行走？
查尔斯?达尔文曾经提出，我们的祖先第一次直立起来是为了让他们的双手解放出来以便制造工具。然而，我们现在知道这种说法不对，因为迄今发现的最古老的工具只有260万年的历史，然而，对古人类化石进行的解剖分析表明，至少在420万年前，甚至可能在600万年前，人类就成为双足动物开始直立行走了。
英国伦敦自然历史博物馆的克里斯?斯特林格表示，双足直立行走的麻烦在于，尽管熟练的直立行走有诸多优势，但获得这种技能需要让身体结构发生变化，而且，人类的行走速度也会变得更缓慢、笨手笨脚，身体的平衡能力也会变差。斯特林格说：“双足行走可能首先在树上开始。”他指出，猩猩和其它灵长类动物在喂食时会在树枝上站立起来，这一点与我们现在所知的第一个双足动物的生活方式相吻合，但却无法解释为什么它们会进化出这种特有的骨骼特征。例如，在400万年前，灵长类动物的小腿胫骨与其脚面相垂直，而我们在现在的猿类身上却发现，其胫骨与脚面向外倾斜一定的角度，即使那些大部分时间都依靠双足站立的猿类也是如此。
一个更加令人信奉的解释人类双足直立的理由是，双足直立会大大提升人类的存活率，有些人认为，正是双足直立使男人能够获取更多食物，这样，他们就能为伴侣和后代提供更好的生存和生活条件。但是，美国亚利桑那州立大学的唐纳德?约翰逊指出，这一说法成立的前提是非常原始的一夫一妻制，而现有证据并不支持这一前提。约翰逊和汤姆?格雷于1974年在埃塞俄比亚哈达尔发现了320万年前的原始人种——直立行走的南方古猿“露西（Lucy）”，这个名字源自甲壳虫乐队的歌曲《天上的露西手拿钻石》。约翰逊指出，在早期的古人类中，男人的体型比女人更大，在灵长类动物中，这预示着两性之间存在的主要是竞争而非合作。
从风云际会到单枪匹马
在2012年奥运会赛场,英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰将组成英国队参赛,不过,在世界杯和欧洲杯的赛场上,英国却享受到与众不同的权利。1904年5月21日,国际足球联合会(现国际足联)在法国巴黎成立,但是成立之初,这一机构影响力非常有限,没有足够的号召力组织国际赛事。1905年4月14日,英格兰足协的加盟,正是给FIFA雪中送炭之举,接着苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰足协纷纷加入国际足联,英国足球由此在国际足联占有四席之地。
作为现代足球的发源地,英国在国际足联的作用一直是举足轻重的,自二战之后,英国在国际足联中可拥有一个法定的副主席名额,该副主席是24名执委会委员之一;而且国际足联制定修改比赛规则的国际足球评议会,也是由英国四大足球协会以及国际足联的技术官员组成的。英国足球在FIFA的影响力一直持续,但是在赛场上的表现却日渐式微。
1958年世界杯是英国足球至今无法触及的高峰,在瑞典,英格兰、苏格兰、北爱尔兰和威尔士齐聚一堂分居四组厮杀,虽然最后仅有后两者跻身八强,但是能够在世界杯赛场占据1/4的席位(当时参赛队为16支),的确显现出“足球宗主国”不一般的实力,1966年英格兰夺冠是又一个高峰,只不过这届世界杯,大不列颠只有东道主这棵独苗。
自1982年世界杯扩军至24强,英伦会师便成为家常便饭,1982年英格兰、苏格兰和北爱尔兰风云际会西班牙,1986年三队再次联合突围,1990年英格兰和苏格兰东征意大利,虽然1994年四队都没去成美国,但是1998年苏格兰和英格兰还是在法兰西留下了不少悲情瞬间。不想自彼时开始,英国就只能依靠英格兰一队独撑场面。
欧洲杯赛场也大抵相似,自从1996年英格兰和苏格兰一起打入决赛圈并在温布利上演激情碰撞之后,欧洲杯赛场就只剩下英格兰继续自己神经刀般的表现,2008年三狮军团未能从预选赛突围,英国球队全军覆没,这届欧洲杯也成为英国人最不堪回首的记忆。
威尔士:巨星的悲剧命运
威尔士斯诺克人才辈出,但是足球人才却是数年才涌现一个,这个人口不足300万的弹丸之地从不缺乏传奇球星,利物浦历史上最伟大的射手伊恩・拉什、取代比尔兹利成为了“”史上身价最昂贵球员的桑德斯、曼联传奇巨星马克・休斯、曾经的世界第一左边锋吉格斯、英超“坏小子”贝拉米、如今在英超赛场红得发紫的边路新星贝尔、阿森纳妖人拉姆齐……可是他们却从没有参加过任何一场世界杯和欧洲杯赛事。威尔士历史上仅参加过1958年世界杯和1976年欧洲杯,可惜这些球星都生不逢时。
1994年是威尔士队近年来最接近世界杯决赛圈的一次,可惜他们在最后一战主场1∶2不敌罗马尼亚,这场比赛哈吉先入一球,桑德斯在第61分钟扳平比分,第65分钟威尔士获得点球良机,可惜博登未能罚入,第83分钟AC米兰球星勒杜乔尤为罗马尼亚锁定胜局,拉什、吉格斯、桑德斯和斯皮德等人组成的梦幻中前场由此成为绝唱。
2004年欧洲杯预选赛威尔士同样悲剧,他们在附加赛遭遇俄罗斯,结果最后一役在加的夫千年球场七万多球迷面前,缺少了贝拉米的威尔士以0∶1告负,吉格斯比赛中击中门框也成为他在威尔士队最大的遗憾,他赛后说道:“我们非常失望,简直都已绝望,因为我们太想去葡萄牙了!”主教练马克・休斯也心灰意冷,放下国家队教鞭转而征战英超赛场。
威尔士的悲剧虽然令人同情,但这也绝非偶然,在强手如林的欧洲,仅靠两三名球星显然不足以脱颖而出。在欧洲各国联赛排名中,威尔士长年在40名之外徘徊,最好的几家俱乐部如加的夫、斯旺西等队都是在英格兰低级别联赛厮混,联赛混乱不堪、同时缺乏完善的青训体系,有天赋的年轻球员也只能被挖去英超豪门培养,这样“借鸡生蛋”的模式,显然无法充分挖掘威尔士的足球天才,而且对于热爱橄榄球的威尔士,你无法要求得更多。
苏格兰:大赛打酱油
苏格兰总共参加了8届世界杯和2届欧洲杯,结果总共赢了6场比赛,从未闯进过大赛八强,最好成绩是1974年德国世界杯的第9名,是典型的“大赛打酱油球队”。从1998年至今,苏格兰连续12年无缘国际大赛,与之前连续参加五届世界杯相比,的确是大相径庭。
苏格兰近年来最令人可惜的是2008年欧洲杯预选赛,他们虽然与意大利、法国分在一组,但是他们却双杀法国,一度位列小组第一,可是已经一只脚迈入决赛圈的苏格兰队在最后两轮先后负于格鲁吉亚和意大利,最终只能以2分之差倒在决赛圈外。
苏格兰足球不缺乏顶尖教练,譬如弗格森和香克利,也不缺乏顶尖的球员,譬如达格利什和丹尼斯・劳,但苏格兰的球星似乎只会在俱乐部发威。1986年爵爷接替猝死的斯坦率队出征墨西哥世界杯,结果他与艾伦・汉森、达格利什两位利物浦人闹僵,导致这两位传奇巨星退出苏格兰队,虽然手中还有米勒、麦克利什和斯特拉坎等名将,但是与西德、丹麦和乌拉圭同分死亡之组,苏格兰也只能以1平2负小组垫底回家。当然,即便达格利什去了墨西哥也不一定有所收获,他在102场国际赛事中仅打入30球,这样的进球率与其在利物浦时期355场进172球无法相提并论。
其实苏格兰的联赛水平并不低,凯尔特人和格拉斯哥流浪者都是欧洲赛场实力不俗的劲旅,苏格兰的联赛水平也处于欧洲十余名的水准,而且大不列颠第一次染指大耳朵杯,便是来自1967年的凯尔特人。但成也萧何败萧何,凯尔特人与格拉斯哥流浪者的两强争霸一定程度上阻碍了联赛水平的提高,两队不断挖掘其他国家的廉价外援充当队内主力,也成为青少年足球发展的障碍,目前苏格兰队最大牌的球星,也只是曼联的蓝领球员弗莱彻,苏格兰正是青黄不接之时。而且被英格兰人鄙视为“乡巴佬”的苏格兰经济并不发达,缺乏足够的资金和广阔的市场,苏格兰足球离腾飞之时尚有时日。
近些年,苏格兰足球有一定的提高,苏格兰政府的足球振兴计划正在有条不紊地进行着,预计到2014年可见成效。经历了2005年排名世界第88名的耻辱,如今苏格兰排名已稳定至第45名上下。苏格兰队素来喜好防守反击,这使他们与强队交锋时往往能出奇制胜,而且虽然缺乏足够精湛的技术,但是球风朴实、作风硬朗是他们的特点所在,这并不意味着他们崇尚英式高举高打的长传冲吊风格,苏格兰人同样能打出简单实用的地面短传配合。
北爱尔兰:偶尔爆发的鱼腩
北爱尔兰人口不足200万,的确有成为鱼腩的潜质,不过历史上这支球队却也有过辉煌,他们虽然没有任何一次欧洲杯经历,但是却在1958年、1982年和1986年三度打入世界杯决赛圈。1982年他们小组出线打入八强,第一轮小组赛,北爱尔兰力压西班牙和南斯拉夫以小组第一出线,不过遗憾止步于第二轮小组赛。
从1986年以后,北爱尔兰几乎就在国际足坛销声匿迹,只不过偶尔会涌现一位英雄让大家惊叹一番。这包括2006年世界杯赛,依靠戴维・希利的入球,北爱尔兰1∶0战胜了34年未曾胜过的英格兰;2008年欧洲杯预选赛,这位前锋上演帽子戏法,帮助球队掀翻了后来的欧洲杯冠军西班牙,爆出了一个不小的冷门。与苏格兰诸球星截然相反,希利在北爱尔兰队的表现简直如有神助,他甚至还以13球打破了达沃・苏克保持的欧洲杯预选赛进球纪录。
目前北爱尔兰联赛水平较低,该地区的优秀球员也均前往苏超和英超发展,曼联中卫约翰尼・埃文斯、富勒姆后卫贝尔德和阿龙・休斯、苏超格拉斯哥流浪者的史蒂文・戴维斯、安德鲁・里特都是目前球队的重要成员。相比于苏格兰和威尔士,北爱尔兰各方面都更为薄弱,所以在大赛预选赛中,他们只能位列小组倒数第二甚至倒数第一。
2012年,尴尬还是辉煌?
欧洲杯预选赛如火如荼地进行着,英国国奥队的讨论也甚嚣尘上,2012年,会是英国足球大团聚的日子吗?
欧洲杯预选赛中,英格兰依旧是四支球队中最稳定的一支,他们前两场分别以4∶0和3∶1的比分战胜保加利亚和瑞士,在卡佩罗愈加熟悉球队的情况下,三狮军团走得异常稳健。苏格兰所处的小组中有西班牙一马当先,苏格兰人也只能与捷克以及立陶宛争夺第二,负于捷克的比赛,苏格兰全场处于被动中;与立陶宛之役,苏格兰虽占据优势却破门乏力,碰上鱼腩列士敦士登还只是依靠补时时刻的入球才逆转对手,这样看来,苏格兰的晋级概率并不大。
北爱尔兰第二轮逼平意大利,并在客场1∶0战胜了斯洛文尼亚,但是小组中爱沙尼亚和塞尔维亚实力同样不俗,北爱尔兰没有明显的优势;至于前两站皆负的威尔士,前面有三战全胜的黑山、英格兰和保加利亚,几乎可以确定无法出线。
如此看来,大不列颠要在2012年欧洲杯重塑12年前的辉煌,只能期待英格兰不再犯错、北爱尔兰能神奇到底。2008年欧洲杯,英格兰和苏格兰都是在大好局势下遭遇连败,一同丧失了前往奥地利和瑞士的门票,英国人最后时刻掉链子的毛病,没少发生过。
【关键词】信贷扩张；房地产金融危机；房地产泡沫
一、房地产金融危机回顾
在近现代的房地产金融危机中，每一次房地产泡沫破灭的最大受害者之一就是银行等金融机构。一旦房地产价格下降，大量的开发商立刻面临着资金回收的困境，企业纷纷破产，留给银行的就是债务和已经不值钱的抵押物。下面对现代世界所发生的几次典型的房地产金融泡沫进行回顾和分析（由于次贷危机研究很多这里暂不做研究案例）。
1、日本的银行信贷扩张与房地产泡沫
在日本这个国土面积狭小而又经济高度发达的国家，土地是最为可靠的财富。生产和技术能不断向前发展，商品可以源源不断的生产出来，可国土却无法扩大。因此，日本国民强烈追求拥有一块属于自己的土地，土地价格不断上升成为大多数人信念。
1985年《广场协议》签订之后日元大幅升值，为了抵消日元升值对本国出口贸易的负面效应，日本政府从1987年2月-1989年5月一直实行2.5%的超低利率。在超低利率的刺激下，日本国内泡沫空前膨胀。从1985年开始，日本六大城市土地价格每年以两位数上升，1987年住宅用地价格竟上升了30.7%，商业用地跳升了46.8%。土地价格的急剧上升造成土地担保价值上升，土地所有者能借此从金融机构借到更多的钱，并以此为本金购买别的土地，出现了信贷支持过度现象。
1980—1985年间房地产信贷额占信贷总额的比重稳定在026-0.27，但在1986-1990年间该比例逐渐上升到0.3，由于各个类别的信贷基数很大，因此该比例表明1985年以后房地产信贷支持额大幅度上升；1980-1985年间房地产信贷额年增长额占信贷总额年增长额的比重较低，但在1985年以后这一比重大幅上升，说明在20世纪80年代后半期有大量的资金投向房地产业。与所有的泡沫经济一样，日本泡沫经济的繁荣期维持了不到3年，终于在1990年底崩溃了。从1990年秋季开始，日本房价直线下落。从1990年12月到1991年12月期间，日本全国地价下跌4.6%，资产损失107.6万亿日元。和最高峰相比，房地产价格下降70%以上。1994年3月日本政府公布，在1992年日本全民总资产比1991年减少448万亿日元，股票价值减少178万亿日元。
2、泰国的银行信贷扩张与房地产泡沫
1997年之前泰国经济发展成绩斐然，国内弥漫着乐观情绪，大量资金由金融机构投向非生产领域。泰国经济的顺利发展也提高了国际上对这一地区的预期，国际投资者普遍看好泰国。1992年泰国在东南亚国家中首先实行了资本账户自由化，取消利率限额管制，放松了对资本流动的监控，导致大量外资涌入泰国金融市场，且多为流动性大的一年期以下的短期资本。在金融自由化政策的驱使下，房地产开发商可以从银行取得高额贷款，他们用这些贷款四处购地建豪华公寓、别墅。随着房地产价格的上涨，金融机构也毫无顾忌地把大量资金贷给房地产业，使本来就很热的房地产业更加升温。
据统计，泰国金融机构实际贷给房地产业的资金约占其贷款总额的50%。银行信贷支持力度的提高，促使地价和房价不断上升。到1996年底，泰国闲置住宅达85万套。住宅大量闲置，楼价急剧下跌，大量投资无法回收，房地产商无力偿还银行贷款，造成银行呆账、坏账急增。
泰国银行贷款总额在8年间增长了5.7倍，而房地产贷款额在8年间增长了6.4倍，说明房地产贷款的增长速度快于银行贷款总额增长速度；1990—1996年间房地产贷款额占银行贷款总额的比重稳定在0.32-0.4之间，该比例表明1990年以后房地产贷款额大幅度上升；1990年以后房地产贷年增长额占银行贷款年增长额的比重一直稳定在0.3左右，1990年和1992年竟高达0.7和0.42，说明在1990年以后大量的资金投向房地产业；从1990年以后房地产贷款年增长率一直保持在0.25左右，表明房地产投资逐年增加。
在信贷政策大幅向房地产业倾斜的同时，投资者和投机者可以以较低的成本获取资金，进行房地产交易，导致泰国房地产价格快速上涨。1988-1992年间地价以每年20%-30%的速度上涨，1992-1997年7月，地价的上涨速度更是高达40%，在某些地段，地价一年内竟上涨14倍，银行信贷的过度支持直接导致了房地产价格的上升，最终形成泡沫。
二、我国房地产信贷现状
我国房地产业对金融的依赖程度很高，远远超出发达国家对金融的依赖程度，积累了大量的金融风险。主要表现在以下方面：一是房地产信贷增长过快；二是房地产商自有资金比重低；三是商业银行过度竞争；四是住房贷款管理薄弱，“假按揭”贷款风险显现。
目前我国房地产金融以银行信贷为主，当然还有包括债券融资、信托融资、上市融资以及基金融资等其他一些融资方式，但在银行资金来源总额中所占的比例较小。在1998年以前，银行房地产信贷的主要对象是房地产开发企业，1998年以后才扩展到个人住房消费信贷。从我国房地产市场的运行过程及其资金链来看，银行信贷贯穿于土地储备、交易、房地产开发和销售的整个过程，是我国房地产市场各种相关主体的主要资金提供者。因此，有必要对房地产投资的资金来源进行具体分析，以明确银行信贷支持在房地产投资的资金来源中所占的具体比重，并对具体分析银行信贷政策与房地产市场泡沫的关系打下基础。
从规模上看，目前我国房地产开发投资发展迅速，已由1998年的年投资额3614亿元，发展到2012年的43232亿元，十多年间增长了10倍多。从结构上看，几年间银行对房地产开发的贷款增幅一直保持20%以上，远远高于同期金融机构贷款增速（金融机构贷款增速一般在16%左右），从1998—20129年我国房地产企业资金来源中国内贷款部分所占的比重逐年上升，特别是2009年，国内贷款共计11293亿元，比2008年增长48.5%。《2009年中国房地产金融报告》显示，全年我国房地产开发共筹资57128亿元，虽然直接反映为银行贷款的资金仅占20.9%，但实际上，如将企业自筹资金、预收款和定金中的银行贷款考虑进去，房地产开发中银行贷款占的比重在55%以上。如果加上置业者的个人按揭贷款、企业开发的流动资金贷款和施工企业垫资的银行贷款等，房地产业资金来源的80%左右是直接或间接来自商业银行贷款。
三、我国房地产信贷的危机
总体来说，目前我国的房地产信贷市场尚处于起步阶段，有关的制度和体系处于建设中，具有明显的市场建设和制度建设等初级阶段特征，这些与我国房地产市场处于初创期和金融业的间接金融主导相一致。
1、房地产开发融资渠道有限
鉴于我国金融业具有明显的间接金融主导型特征，直接金融和资本市场尚不发达，整个经济活动中直接融资比例过小。相应的，我国的房地产金融活动表现为以银行信贷为主，资金来源高度依赖银行。据测算，80%左右的房地产开发资金都直接或间接地来自商业银行信贷资金。
2、房地产信贷机构单一，系统性风险集中在银行
目前我国的房地产金融市场机构比较单一，以提供信贷资金的银行为主，缺乏许多发达国家经济体常见的、旨在分担住房抵押贷款违约风险责任的保险（担保）机构。
3、房地产金融交易集中在一级市场上
我国房地产金融市场发展还很不充分，主要以传统的银行信贷产品为主，缺乏直接融资产品，存在着明显的滞后和不均衡。我国房地产金融市场结构不完善，尽管一级市场已初具规模，但能够解决房地产金融流动性的二级市场正处于萌芽状态，发展很不成熟。
4、政策性房地产信贷缺失
住房保障是社会保障制度的重要内容，也是构建和谐社会，实现政治经济稳定的重要方面。对于贫困人群、低收入者、刚参加工作者等特定人群来说，如果缺乏政策性住房制度及相应的金融支持，就无法尽快实现政府“人人享有适当住房’’的政策目标，难以满足弱势人群的住房需求，对社会稳定和社会发展将带来不利影响。我国目前缺乏明确的面向特定人群的住房保障制度，因而也缺乏明确的政策性房地产金融制度安排，难以满足经济社会发展的需要。
四、由世界房地产金融泡沫得到的经验和启示
纵观上述国家所发生的房地产金融泡沫历程及其带来的影响，我们可以得到如下经验教训：
1、银行信贷行为在房地产泡沫的形成和破灭过程中都发挥了重要的作用。从美国次贷危机中我们就可以看到，经济不景气时，美联储大力度的降息，鼓励消费者借款，刺激购房需求；贷款机构为了扩大份额降低贷款条件，恶性竞争。当泡沫经济出现时，连续的调高利率以及抬高贷款门槛又成了金融机构的主要举措。真是“成也萧何败萧何”！因此我们应该从中吸取教训，适时的根据国际、国内的金融环境制定合理的，有效的金融信贷政策。
2、金融管理体制滞后、监管不力是泡沫经济得以成长的条件。随着金融自由化的推进，需要适应形势的变化及时建立新的监管制度，在金融营业状况的透明度、金融内部监管、贷款的审查制度等方面都要引起重视。如果政府当局在贷款方面对房地产、建筑业和金融机构实行严格的限制、监管和管理，抑制房价地价上涨并不是很困难的。房地产泡沫的破灭会给一个国家或地区的经济、金融体系带来灾难性后果，因此建立完善的房地产金融体系、规范银行的房地产贷款业务以及加强央行和其它金融监管机构的宏观调控，对于防范和化解房地产泡沫风险有着重要的意义。
参考文献：
[1]易宪容.中国房地产市场过热与风险预警[J].财贸经济，2005
[2]黄正新.关于泡沫经济及其测度的几个理论问题[J].金融研究，2002
Acknowledgments
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language， whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor ， Guo Yingzhen ，whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least， I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
摘要
翻译是一个复杂的过程，对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说，翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外，译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍，如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异，心理学的文化之间的差异，不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人，等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程，它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说，翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外，译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍，如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异，心理学的文化之间的差异，不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人，等等。
关键字：翻译；文化意识；文化和思维；文化差别；习语
Abstract
Translation is a complex process， especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ，translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ，a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture， how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking， the psychology of culture， the difference between different religion， the environment and living surroundings of different people， and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
摘要 II
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations， and during the process of communication， translation is indispensable. Translation， as an cultural phenomenon， thinking activity， related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept， to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers， sociologists， anthropologists， historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However， so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics， about "culture" at least， it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking， culture is a social phenomenon， which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather， culture refers to a state or national history， geography， local conditions and customs， traditions， lifestyles， literature and art， behavior standards， way of thinking， values， etc. When we translate something， the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context， we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking， the psychology of thinking， and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored， the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation ， it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing， mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian， one writer in modern times， thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study， it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English， we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon， as I tile back my head. Yearn， while stooping， for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light， I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head， I find the full moon bright; and bowing down， in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version ， the emotion of the author must be considered， or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler， one anthropologist in England， whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits， which includes knowledge， faith， art， moral， law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture， it is a complex system. Language， as a component of culture， reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture， which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication， the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability， especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture， religious culture and the geographic features， the historical customs and traditions， the process of forming culture， etc. For these factors， the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation， in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford， 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message， first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida， 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work， which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language， language variation and language variants， such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad， including his translation between different languages， translation between language variation， language and other symbols of the communication conversion， etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information"， does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory， so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity， which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ，which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication， which emphasis on "one language to another language"，which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages， which emphasis on "faithfully"， avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK， where the people hate soldiers very much， so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry， there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”， if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west， people always eat eggs， bread and drink milk for breakfast， and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then， from the egg to the apple， from dawn to dusk， from the beginning until after the most. Again， such as， "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles， so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people， poor fish (poor)， a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish， small fish and poor fish， can every person can really understand the meaning of it， sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages， may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words， proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions， whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts， letters， manners， scholarly pursuits， etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization， as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors， beliefs or characteristics of a particular social， ethnic， or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept， to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers， sociologists， anthropologists， historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However， so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics， about "culture" at least， it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking， culture is a social phenomenon， is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon， is the social history remains. Rather， culture refers to a state or national history， geography， local conditions and customs， traditions， lifestyles， literature and art， behavior standards， way of thinking， values， etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture， Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart.， culture is the body， language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue， the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process， the translator should not only understand two languages themselves，they should have two more cultural horizons， the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow， the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures， introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not， largely depends on his understanding of the culture， the success of translation， is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows， Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church， or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain， but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism， which spreads very well in China， is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China， people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism， so there phrase arises， such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian， so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese， “谋事在人，成事在天”， In English there are two different versions， (1) “man propose， heaven disposes” or “man dropose ， god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners， but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English， it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命)， etc.
When translation， it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little， it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture， which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs， awareness， etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express， only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture， unique cultural connotation of understanding language， to avoid wrong translation， mistranslation， making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound， has a long history， in China's traditional culture， owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism， there are many "the jade emperor， the view sound， bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything， many religious "god， the bible， the church， nuns，" and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language， and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation， they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories ， many taboos and preferences， and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example， the number has special meaning in the culture of China， no matter in old times or in modern times， for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”， for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”， especially in the number Of telephone， most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”， which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’， “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs， which do not has special meaning. As we all known， “13” is a bad number for the westerners， which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially， the number of seat， the number of the floor， and so on. But in China， this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent， the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture， people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times， the emperor always describe themselves as “龙”，which is a symbol of “God”， which can consolidate their power， nation and land. But for the westerner， “龙” is another symbol， “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail ， a crested head and big claws， that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon， we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district， different physiology， different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking， especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating， the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it ， then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking， they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness， foot ache is another disease， they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life， China has a long history of farming life， which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional， and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese，they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange， different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various， such as in the attitude to the dog， the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things， such as "evil， a coward， bailiffs， brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however， they often be used to describe people， such as "lucky dog" (lucky)， "top dog" (VIPs)， "love me， love my dog" (love me， love my dog). Again， such as， "dead and marriage"， if we translate them into "weddings， funerals，" is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival， when they get married in red color， and the funeral to wear white， so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage"， "white" means "death". Westerners， however， think the white represents purity， loyalty， bride wears white，when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example， when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese， we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion， language acquisition. These idioms simple structure， profound， often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”， they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it， if we don’t consider the background in China， the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries ， they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However， in China， even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English， two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation， we should focus my mind on the two cultures， comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles， make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture， which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating， whether the translator has the right understanding or not， depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator， without the comparison of two culture， whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say， “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language， a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities， there are also many differences between two cultures， which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text， it may be well written， attractive， tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures， it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ，their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力，日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺，疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet， as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls， the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能？ The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy， two boys half a boy， three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all， lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion， English will choose hypotaxis， namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis， which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely， pay attention to hypotaxis， precise shape. Each sentence， paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases， clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas， such as cause and effect， comparison， concessions， conditions， twist， etc. Each clause in complex sentences， distinct， clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound， coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know， Chinese is heavy parataxis， regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses， only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽，我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will， there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and inpidual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So， In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject， often omitted， is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different， which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence， every English sentence should have a subject， or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation， therefore， for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨，又没有带雨伞，都很关着急，真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it， because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here， according to the context and context of the specific environment， when we translated into English， adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject， so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time， and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject， which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also， it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known， England is an island country， more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers， making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money， wage， age， or wealth， but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable， even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English， we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese， we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time， geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture， "dong feng" is "spring wind"， summer often and intense heat relates in together， hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere， north temperate zone， oceanic climate， report message but is west wind in spring， a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season， commonly used "lovely， gentle， beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting， appellation， thanks， compliments， apologies， farewell， phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other ， they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" ， "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture， these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet， a way of greeting. For westerners， however， it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view， it is a purely private matter， which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting， like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion， convert in English idioms， such as "Hi!" ， "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title， and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty， such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big， so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”， “brother” and “sister” and “brother”， they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family， so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases， the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms， all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication， so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up， a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication， the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However， if you want to overcome these conflicts ， it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors， like differences in people's thinking， the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation， therefore， how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator， the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original， if necessary， to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly， for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification， which can help the readers across the cultural pide， to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all， any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences， which includes history， social structure， religion，traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language， one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all， as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator， it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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