时间：2023-05-30 09:59:01
开篇：写作不仅是一种记录，更是一种创造，它让我们能够捕捉那些稍纵即逝的灵感，将它们永久地定格在纸上。下面是小编精心整理的12篇英文导游词，希望这些内容能成为您创作过程中的良师益友，陪伴您不断探索和进步。
Hua Shan is the highest of China”s five sacred mountains. It is 120 kilometers east of Xian. It has five peaks that resemble the petals of a flower. The highest peak is 2180 meters (7085 feet)。
We had had discussions about going to Hua Shan with some graduate students from Computer Science. That didn”t work out due to changes in schedules on both sides. Also, they were planning to do the climb at night to be able to reach the peak at sunrise. That did not appeal to us. We wanted to spend a night on the mountain. Fran”s department arranged a trip for us, making reservations at the simple hotel on the North Peak. They sent two graduate students to accompany us, though they had not been to Hua Shan before. We met them at 8:00 on Saturday morning and took a taxi to the train station. There we asked around and located a mini-bus. The bus made a couple of stops. One was to see a presentation about the traditional medicines grown on the mountain and a chance to buy some of them. It probably would have been interesting if we understood Chinese. Our guides gave us the general outline about what was said. The other stop was a quick lunch stop.
There are two approaches to Hua Shan. [Chinese proverb: “There is one road and only one road to Hua Shan,” meaning that sometimes the hard way is the only way.] The west entrance involves 10 kilometers of walking on a road before you start climbing. We went with the east entrance, where the bus brings you to the base of a cable car that goes up to the 1500 meter North Peak. Our plan was to walk up to the North Peak, then climb to the four other peaks the next day and take the cable car down.
We started the climb in the early afternoon. The path consists of stone steps with rough chain link handrails in the narrowest areas (we wore our bicycling gloves for hand protection)。 Physically, it is more like climbing the steps of a skyscraper than trails at home. However, the temperature was about 95 degrees and there was not much shade. We brought lots of water, including some bottles that we froze and some Gatorade that we got at the fancy department store in downtown Xian. There are plenty of refreshment stands along the way where you can buy bottled water, the Chinese equivalent of Gatorade, and other drinks or snacks at a premium price.
We reached the North Peak before 4:00 PM and rested at the hotel. Our room was basic, but comfortable and clean enough. Because water is scarce on the mountain, there were neither showers nor sinks available for washing. In that sense the experience felt like camping, but we were sleeping in a big tent!
After dinner at the hotel restaurant, we spent some time talking with our guides. We were a bit surprised to find that they both think of Japan negatively, but like the U.S. It seems that Japan”s WWII behavior in China has not been forgotten, and is emphasized in school.
We saw a beautiful sunset and watched the sky become resplendent with thousands of stars, including the Milky Way galaxy. This was the clearest sky that we have seen in China. The fresh air at Hua Shan is a treat!
Our guides had both been planning to get up at 4:00 AM to watch the sunrise. Fran and I made sleep a priority. We did happen to wake up a bit before sunrise (our room faced east) and went outside to watch the sky become rosy. Ironically, our guides missed the sunrise because they had stayed up late watching the European soccer championships on the television in their room
The plan for the day was to climb the other four peaks, but we reserved the right to shorten the route. The first part was a steep climb to Middle Peak. After the low North Peak, all the others are at roughly 2000 meters. There were crowds on the way to Middle Peak C mostly Chinese hikers but we did see a few other wai guo (foreigners) as well.
We visited two Taoist temples en route to Middle Peak. Each one had an altar with incense and offerings of fruit. The friendly monks invited us to say a prayer or to send blessings to loved ones. Fran accepted their invitation. At the first temple, she lit incense sticks and knelt on a cushion in front of the altar saying a silent prayer for our safe journey to the various summits of Hua Shan (the prayer was answered)。 At the second temple, she knelt on a cushion in front of the altar and sent silent blessings to several friends who are experiencing challenging situations in their lives at present. After each blessing, she leaned forward and the monk struck a drum.
After Middle Peak, the crowds got much thinner. The next was East Peak, which had a steep ladder climbing rock. Fran was dubious about this ascent, but realized that the ladder wasn”t so bad and went for it. That was a good decision because we were then able to do a loop and the trails got almost empty at this point. After skirting the top of a cliff with a steep dropoff on both sides, we had a pleasant walk to South Peak and West Peak. There was even a small amount of dirt trail! The summit of South Peak was the highest point on Hua Shan, so of course we asked another hiker to take a photo of our guides and us. The views from the tops of each peak were beautiful. Hua Shan and the surrounding mountains are very rugged and remind us somewhat of hiking in the southwestern United States or the Sierras.
We took a route that eventually brought us to the main line returning down from Middle to North Peak. We were happy to have ascended each of the five peaks (petals) of Flower Mountain.
长城英文导游词
The Great Wall
The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces-Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.
Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today. The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors. The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like climbing a ladder to heaven. The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze. A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.
Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications. There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each. Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages. As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events. The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.
Notes:1. the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵2. the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比伦的空中花园3. Sanskrit 梵语4. Uigur 维吾尔语
There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.
Known as Tian Xia Di YI Guan (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to theManchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911)
Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the Strategic pass Under the Heaven as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.
when the authorities opened the 1,300 year old riverine settlement of wuzhen to visitors in early XX, they were determined to avoid the tacky mix of tourist restaurants and kitsch souvenir shops that has swamped other estuary towns such as zhouzhuang (which also lies in the yangtze river delta). wuzhen's old buildings, an architectural symphony of stone, wood and tiles, have been preserved rather than restored, and lovingly maintained rather than tarted up. the result is a place that is a sheer joy to explore on foot.
wuzhen is still a living town, where daily life goes on life goes on as it has for the last thousand or so years. coppersmiths, wood-carver and silk-spinners work at their age-old crafts. bicycle rickshaw drivers exchange stories as they wait for passengers. people cart water, cook meals, and tend their gardens, each flower-plot the size of a postage stamp.
the townsfolk of wuzhen gather in the town square around mid-day - talking, smoking or playing mah-jongg. they seem laidback and contented. most of all, they seem to enjoy observing the passing parade, which provides a constant source of amusement. i started to wonder whether it was the town or the strange foreign visitors like myself that was the main attraction. western visitors are still a rarity here.
wuzhen lies in the far north-east of zhejiang province, about 90 minutes by road from shanghai. the name "water town" is especially apt; besides lying on the grand canal, the settlement is completely encircled by two rivers - the dong shi and a smaller tributary, which meet at a t-junction. no matter where you stand, water provides the backdrop, the raison d'être of the whole town.
about 250 families used to live in the old quarter of wuzhen. however, following the "restoration" of the town, many townsfolk have been moved out to the "new" wuzhen, an attractively landscaped but otherwise characterless apartment block 15 km down the road towards shanghai. those who remain are mainly the elderly and craftspeople. while i was assured that there is nothing to stop new residents moving into the old town, young people nowadays seem strangely absent.
the old wooden shops of wuzhen look ageless and immovable, as though their timbers have totally defied the ravages of time. at first, one suspects that the custodians of the town have tried to cover up the decomposing processes of nature. but look more closely and you find slow rot setting in around the bases of the doorframes, and splinters breaking away from the lintels. what little restoration has been done is so inconspicuous as to be totally indistinguishable from the original.
all the buildings in wuzhen are in ming or qing dynasty style. one palatial establishment is the "double happiness" marriage shrine. twin hearts are joined in a nouveau-chinese character in gilt upon a flaming crimson background, presumably depicting the inseparability of marriage - perhaps the chinese know something that we westerners don't.
wuzhen also has some unique attractions, including yu liuliang's coin and paper money exhibition. nearby (would you believe) stands a pawnshop museum, as if to prove that usury is universal. (maybe fortunately, wuzhen has the only such establishment i've ever come across). i tried looking for a qing dynasty dvd player in the pawnshop, but was sadly disappointed.
no fewer than eight stone bridges cross the dong shi river, the grandest of them being the fengyuan double bridge. the bridge is separated into two parts by a wooden sluice gate. cyclists carry their bikes across the high arches of the bridges, which are designed to let boats pass underneath without difficulty.
Good morning! Ladies and Gentlemen:
Today, we will go and visit Shaoshan, the hometown of Chairman Mao. Shaoshan is a small mountain village about 100km southwest of Changsha, the capital of Hunan province, with some fairly beautiful scenery and a once typically Hunan village atmosphere, Shaoshan has been irreparably changed by history. On the 26th December 1893, a baby was born in a little house in this village, to a relatively wealthy peasant couple. The child was to grow up to become China's Great Helmsman, Chairman Mao Zedong, and it was in this region that he spent his childhood and youth, attending school and helping his father with his work.
As the hometown of the great man of the generation, now Shaoshan is one of the important tourist zones in Hunan province. The major tourist sites including the Former residence of Chairman Mao, Memorial Hall of Mao Zedong, Water-dripping Cave and Steles Forest of Mao's Poems，and so on.
The former residence of Chairman Mao is the most interesting site. Entered through a courtyard, the house is of a sunny yellow, mud brick walls, with a nicely thatched roof, and is found on a wooded hillside, above some lush paddy fields. There are 13 and one half rooms in the Former residence, which include one and half central room, a kitchen, a dining room, three family bedrooms and a guest room. Within the rooms are various personal effects of Mao and his parents, as well as photos from Mao's life.
This is the central room, it was used by two families: Mao’s family and their neighbor. So we said that there is only one half of the central room belongs to Mao’s family. And this is there kitchen, where Chairman Mao often helped his mother doing some housework in his childhood. Go through the kitchen was Chairman Mao’s parent's bedroom, there are two photos of Chairman Mao’s parents on the inner wall, and it was in this room where Chairman Mao was born.
The Dripping Water Cave, about 3 km northwest of the village, is a very popular destination, possibly because of the fact that Mao allegedly spent 11 days here in the early days of the Cultural Revolution Years (1966-76), contemplating the unknown.
北京导游词
TheGreatWall
TheGreatWall,likethePyramidsofEgypt,theTajMahal(1)inIndiaandtheHangingGardenofBabylon(2),isoneofthegreatwondersoftheworld.StartingoutintheeastonthebanksoftheYaluRiverinLiaoningProvince,theWallstretcheswestwardsfor12,700kilometerstoJiayuguanintheGobidesert,thusknownastheTenThousandLiWallinChina.TheWallclimbsupanddown,twistsandturnsalongtheridgesoftheYanshanandYinshanMountainChainsthroughfiveprovinces-Liaoning,Hebei,Shanxi,Shaanxi,andGansu--andtwoautonomousregions--NingxiaandInnerMongolia,bindingthenorthernChinatogether.
HistoricalrecordstracetheconstructionoftheoriginoftheWalltodefensivefortificationbacktotheyear656B.C.duringthereignofKingChengoftheStatesofChu.ItsconstructioncontinuedthroughouttheWarringStatesperiodinthefifthCenturyB.C.whenducalstatesYan,Zhao,Wei,andQinwerefrequentlyplunderedbythenomadicpeopleslivingnorthoftheYinshanandYanshanmountainranges.Walls,then,werebuiltseparatelybytheseducalstatestowardoffsuchharassments.Laterin221B.C.,whenQinconqueredtheotherstatesandunifiedChina,EmperorQinshihuangorderedtheconnectionoftheseindividualwallsandfurtherextensionstoformthebasisofthepresentgreatwall.Asamatteroffact,aseparateouterwallwasconstructednorthoftheYinshanrangeintheHanDynasty(206BC--1644BC.),whichwenttoruinthroughyearsofneglect.Inthemanyinterveningcenturies,succeedingdynastiesrebuiltpartsoftheWall.ThemostextensivereinforcementsandrenovationswerecarriedoutintheMingDynasty(1368--1644)whenaltogether18lengthystretcheswerereinforcedwithbricksandrocks.itismostlytheMingDynastyWallthatvisitorsseetoday.TheGreatWallisdividedintotwosections,theeastandwest,withShanxiProvinceasthedividingline.Thewestpartisarammedearthconstruction,about5.3metershighonaverage.Intheeasternpart,thecoreoftheWallisrammedearthaswell,buttheoutershellisreinforcedwithbricksandrocks.ThemostimposingandbestpreservedsectionsoftheGreatWallareatBadalingandMutianyu,notfarfromBeijingandbothareopentovisitors.TheWallofthosesectionsis7.8metershighand6.5meterswideatitsbase,narrowingto5.8metersontheramparts,wideenoughforfivehorsestogallopabreast.Thereareramparts,embrasures,peep-holesandaperturesforarchersonthetop,besidesgutterswithgargoylestodrainrain-waterofftheparapetwalk.Two-storiedwatch-towersarebuiltatapproximately400-metersinternals.Thetopstoriesofthewatch-towerweredesignedforobservingenemymovements,whilethefirstwasusedforstoringgrain,fodder,militaryequipmentandgunpowderaswellasforquarteringgarrisonsoldiers.Thehighestwatch-toweratBadalingstandingonahill-top,isreachedonlyafterasteepclimb,like"climbingaladdertoheaven".Theviewfromthetopisrewarding,hoverer.TheWallfollowsthecontourofmountainsthatriseonebehindtheotheruntiltheyfinallyfadeandmergewithdistanthaze.Asignalsystemformerlyexistedthatservedtocommunicatemilitaryinformationtothedynasticcapital.ThisconsistedofbeacontowersontheWallitselfandonmountaintopswithinsightoftheWall.Attheapproachofenemytroops,smokesignalsgavethealarmfromthebeacontowersinthedaytimeandbonfiredidthisatnight.
Emergencysignalscouldberelayedtothecapitalfromdistantplaceswithinafewhourlongbeforetheinventionofanythinglikemoderncommunications.Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.
Notes:1.theTajMahalinIndia印度的泰姬陵2.theHangingGardenofBabylon巴比伦的空中花园3.Sanskrit梵语4.Uigur维吾尔语
Therestand14majorpasses(Guan,inChinese)atplacesofstrategicimportancealongtheGreatWall,themostimportantbeingShanghaiguanandJiayuguan.YetthemostimpressiveoneisJuyongguan,about50kilometersnorthwestofBeijing.
Knownas"TianXiaDiYIGuan"(TheFirstPassUnderHeaven),ShanghaiguanPassissituatedbetweentwosheercliffsforminganeckconnectingnorthChinawiththenortheast.Ithadbeen,therefore,akeyjunctioncontestedbyallstrategistsandmanyfamousbattleswerefoughthere.ItwasthegateofShanghaiguanthattheMinggeneralWuSanguiopenedtotheManchuarmytosuppressthepeasantrebellionledbyLiZichengandsosurrenderedthewholeMingempiretotheManchus,leadingtothefoundationoftheQingDynasty.(1644-1911)
JiayuguanPasswasnotsomuchasthe"StrategicpassUndertheHeaven"asanimportantcommunicationcenterinChinesehistory.Cleftbetweenthesnow-cappedQilianMountainsandtherollingMazongMountains,itwasontheancientSilkRoad.ZhangQian,thefirstenvoyofEmperorWuDioftheWesternHandynasty(206B.C-24A.D),crosseditonhisjourneytothewesternregions.Later,silkflowedtothewestthroughthispasstoo.Thegate-towerofJiayuguanisanattractivebuildingofexcellentworkmanship.Ithasaninnercityandanoutercity,theformersquareinshapeandsurroundedbyawall11.7metershighand730metersincircumference.Ithastwogates,aneasternoneandawesternone.Oneachgatesitsatowerfacingeachother.thefourcornersofthewallareoccupiedbyfourwatchtowers,oneforeach.
Juyongguan,agatewaytoancientBeijingfromInnerMongolia,wasbuiltina15-kilometerlongravineflankedbymountains.ThecavalrymenofGenghisKhansweptthroughitinthe13thcentury.AtthecenterofthepassisawhitemarbleplatformnamedtheCloudterrace,whichwascalledtheCrossing-StreetDagoba,sinceitsnarrowarchspannedthemainstreetofthepassandonthetopoftheterracethereusedtobethreestonedagobas,builtintheYuanDaynasty(1206-1368).Atthebottomoftheterraceisahalf-octagonalarchgateway,interestingforitswealthofdetail:itisdecoratedwithsplendidimagesofBuddhaandfourcelestialguardianscarvedonthewalls.Thevividnessoftheirexpressionsismatchedbytheexquisiteworkmanship.suchgrandioserelicsworks,withseveralstonespiecedtogether,arerarelyseeninancientChinesecarving.Thegatejambsbearamulti-lingualBuddhistsutra,carvedsome600yearsagoinSanskrit(3),Tibetan,Mongolian,Uigur(4),HanChineseandthelanguageofWesternXia.Undoubtedly,theyarevaluabletothestudyofBuddhismandancientlanguages.
Asaculturalheritage,theWallbelongsnotonlytoChinabuttotheworld.TheVenicechartersays:"Historicalandculturalarchitecturenotonlyincludestheindividualarchitecturalworks,butalsotheurbanorruralenvironmentthatwitnessedcertaincivilizations,significantsocialdevelopmentsorhistoricalevents."TheGreatWallisthelargestofsuchhistoricalandculturalarchitecture,andthatiswhyitcontinuestobesoattractivetopeopleallovertheworld.In1987,theWallwaslistedbyUNESCOasaworldculturalheritagesite.
Today, we will go to visit Hubei Provincial Museum. On the way to the museum, I ‘d like to show a present to express my warmest welcome to you. You may wonder what the present is. Well let me introduce it to you. The music you are going to listen to is the very gift. Now, please enjoy the music.
Have you ever listened to the music? And what musical instrument is used to play the beautiful melody?
That’s the serial bells, a wonder in the world. Indeed a wonder in the world. Every year tourists from all over the world continuously come to visit them and appreciate the programs played by it. Each year they return with unforgetable memory.
The building with red wall and green tiers before us is the very museum, Hubei Provincial Museum. Constructed in 1953, the museum is the center for collecting, studying, preserving and displaying historical and cultural relics in Hubei. More than 700,000 ancient relics are stored up in it. There is a collection of 100,000 books on history, archaeology, art etc. These relics provide precious material data for studying the development of history, culture, art, science and technology in ancient China.
Situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze River, Hubei has a long history and rich land. As early as 2,000,000 years ago, our ancestors lived and worked here and gradually they began to create their own civilization. The relics unearthed from Zenghouyi Tomb are good proofs to the civilization. The relics displayed in the museum are most from the tomb. Serial bells are the most precious and greatest of them all.
Are you familiar with the history of the serial bells?
It is said that it is the oldest musical instrument kept in the world. You see, our ancestors already knew how to use music to enrich their lives so long ago.
Luckily indeed, our archaeologists discovered it by accident and thus displayed the marvelous ancient civilization of Chu State in front us.
In 1978, a soldier discovered a large tomb when building his house. It was really a great surprise to discover it at that time. Afterwards, archaeologists excavated these serial bells on the same spot. This was appraised to be the tomb of Zenghouyi. It was220 square meters, 20 metros deep, consisting of 4 tombs. The main coffin was made up of huge internal and external coffins. The man in it died at the age of 45. Those buried alive with the dead were all female, aged from 13 to 25. They were in 21 coffins.
Besides the serial bells, more than 7,000 other historical cultural relics have been unearthed, such as bronze ware, ancient musical instrument, weapons, golden ware, jade ware, painted ware, wooden ware, and bamboo ware. Most of them are unique art treasure and they were deliberately made.
What is especially worth mentioning is the ancient musical instrument, such as serial bells, stone chimes, drums, 25-stringed plucked zither, and bamboo flute. They are totally 8 types, including 124 pieces. The entire musical instrument is placed perfectly among the bronze serial bells. They make the tomb look like an ancient concert hall.
Today the underground concert hall has come back to life. As a major instrument, 64 serial bells are put in the middle room, lined along the north and west wall. It can be concluded that serial bells are Zenhouyi’s favorite, for his body was placed in the west room.
As wee see, these big bells are shaped like round-bottomed baskets; small ones are like warming pots. They are hung in 3 layers from the winding bell shelf that is 13 meters long, 2.7 meters high. The whole bell shelf is supported by 6 human-shape objects. It is as strong as newly cast.
Ok, let me give you a brief introduction about the elegant ancient serial bells. All the bells have been played. They are all carved with inscription about musical melody. Each bell can produce 2 pitches. After many years of research, we find that its amplitude approached the international level of today. The combined scale is the 7 notes in C major of today. Its compasses very side, including 5 and a half octaves. The whole sound may be adjusted. Its wooden shelf is quite exquisite. Although buried for 2,400 years, the serial bells are well played. It not only can be used to play with to produce scores with the same melody, but also can produce mixed sounds though harmony and repeat tunes. Chinese musical pieces, such as Intoning Three Times Before Leaving Yang Pass, The Moon On The Spring River, and foreign pieces, such as Christmas Eve, can be played on it, even Beethoven’s Ode to Joy in the Ninth Symphony can be. Foreign tourists are usually attracted by the fascinating music when listening to the Chinese song The Night On The Prairie. When foreign songs cut in, they are shocked by the old civilization of Chu State. As the famous violinist, Menuin praised it, ‘The grand Greek music is accepted by the world. However, the musical instruments in ancient Greece were made of wood, what’s more, not a single instrument is kept till today. Here we are able to enjoy the sound of the instrument of 2,000 years' history from the tomb of Chu State.
Actually, whoever enjoys the music played on the serial bells will be surprised at the great achievement made by the people of Chu State in the fields of music, culture, smelting, and casting.
According to the history, Chu State was called the state of rites and music at that time. People in Chu State love dancing. They danced in the palace and sang in the room. They knew how to enjoy dancing and singing. We can imagine the following scene. The host of the bomb was seated in his palace and watched the girls dancing. On both his sides sat his followers. They sat on the floor. A table with short legs was placed in front of them. They put one hand on the table that is used to hold arms. This can be proved by the relics in the tomb.
Do you know, in China, a male and a female mandarin ducks are the symbol of love, for they often play together in the water and live together. Can you see the box here? This box was found in the tomb. The box was painted. It was empty in it. But there are some pictures. They describe a very vivid situation; some people are striking bells, beating drums and dancing. This picture is very precious, for we can know how these instruments should be played, especially the serial bells.
I wonder if you have noticed that there is only one mandarin duck on the box. Do you know why? Oh, he is abandoned by his lover. But he found a new company—music. He didn’t heed the other mandarin duck, for what he really loved was music.
Temple of Solitary Joy is located at inside west city gate of Ji County, Tianjin City. It is known for its refined architecture skill in Channel's ancient buildings and has got the reputation of Six Best. These are: The earliest Dingshan Gate （Gate of Withstanding Hill） of the ground hall preserved now; The earliest Chiwei object on the Hill Gate preserved now; The earliest plane distribution which took pavilion as the center on the architecture plane; The biggest clay sculptured statue of Avalokiteavara inside a pavilion in China; The Avalokiteavara is also the most ancient high storeyed one; The more precious fact is that the Temple of Solitary Joy has stood unscathed after thousand years of rain, snow, wind and frost and 28 big attacks, hence the most durable ancient Monastery of thousand years.
Entering the Temple , the first comes to sight is 10 m high gate, on the arch of which there hangs a horizontal inscribed board: Temple of Solitary Joy. The single eaves ground hall roof was the roof building form during the western Tsin （AD265-316） and Southern and Northern Dyansty （420-589） period, which was called Siadading in ancient time and now it is called big roof. On the two ends of the plane ridge, there are inward Chiweis. Chi denoted sparrow hawk in ancient time, which is a kind of fierce bird. The stand base of the gate is comparatively low, but the hall pinnacle is much higher above eaves and the pottery animal figures look sturdy; solemn and sturdy. There is no ceiling inside the pinnacle, therefor the painted beam and purlieus are visible. The whole piece is exquisitely wrought, simple arranged and skillfully done, for which people gasp in administration.
Crossing the gate, one comes to the core building - Avalokitesvara Pavilion, 23 m in height. Form outside appearance, it is two storeyed, but inside there is a hidden storey, thus three storeyed in fact. On the eaves corners, pottery unicorns are sculptured, on which little Buddha statues ride. Copper bells are hung under eaves corners, swaying with the wind, a specially refined scene. The most attractive thing is the structure of Dougong （sets of brackets on top of the columns supporting the beams within and roof eaves without——each set consisting of tiers of outstretching arms called Gong, cushioned with trapezoidal blocks called Dou）. It is made of overlapping Dougong shaped wood blocks and bow shaped horizontal wood bars by adopting 24 forms with each layer stretching out as bracket, big in upper part and small in lower part, thinly scattered, steady and sturdy. It makes eaves of the pavilion look like flying, far and deep in the sky, a beautiful and magnificent view.
Entering the Avalokitesvara Pavilion, the very sight is a huge standing Avalokitesvara Statue. If one stands by it, his height is only up to her ankle. The Statue, 16.27 m in height, is the biggest clay sculpture of Avalokitesvara in China. Two statues of attendant Bodhisattvas under the knee of Avalokitesvara are also 3 m in height. On the crown of the head of Avalokitesvara, there are 10 small Avalokitesvare's heads, hence it is called 11 faces Avalokitesvara. Reviewing around the inner part of the pavilion, one can discover that pillars of high and low storeys are not directly linked through, but the pillars of the upper storey are inserted into the arch head of that of lower storey. The upper storey of the pavilion is in a form of six corners empty well, while the lower storey is in a form of square empty well. This kind of structure is not only beautiful and strong, but also adds the space of the upper part of Budha statues. On the four walls inside the pavilion, colorful murals are painted, the theme of which is the images of 16 Arhats and 2 Ming Dynasty Emperors, which are the earliest subjects of Buddhism. On he murals, 2 m high Arhats with 3 heads and 4 arms are extremely lifelike and Ming Emperors on the four walls are full of power and grandeur. On the upper part of the murals, there are mountains, forest, cloud and river, while on the lower part, there are paintings of secular themes with vivid and natural lines, which embody the superb the skill and arts of painting of ancient Buddhism in China.
hello,everyone,
wearenowgoingtopayavisittoaplaceofspecialinterest.thisscenicspotislocatedatthecenterofbeijingandischaracterizedbythousandsofpalatialarchitecturesandpurplewallsaswellasyellowglazedtileroofs-itissimplyaseaofpalaces.thisistheworld–famouswonder–thepalacemuseum.
thepalacemuseumhasservedastheroyalresidenceduringthemingandqingdynasties.itwasherethatatotalof24monarchsascendedthethroneandwieldedpowerforsome500years.thepalacemuseum,asthemostbeautifulspotofinterestthroughoutbeijing,isuniqueforitslocation:tothenorthwestisbeihai(northsea)park,famousforitswhitepagodaandripplinglake;tothewestisthezhongnahai(centralandsouthsea);totheeastliesthethewangfujingshoppingstreet;andtothenorthidjinshanpark.standinginthewanchun(everlastingspring)pavilionatthetopofjingshan(charcoalhill)park,youoverlooktheskylineofthepalacemuseum.atthesouthernendofthepalaceistian`anmen(gateofheavenlypeace)andthefamoussquarenamedafterit.thisisthesymbolofthepeople`srepublicofchina.
aworld-famoushistoricalsite,thepalacemuseumisontheworldheritagelistofunescoandisanembodimentoforientalcivilization.
thepalacemuseumisrectangularinshape,960meterslongfromnorthtosouthand750meterswidefromeasttowest,coveringaspaceof720,000squaremetersofwhich150,000isbuildingarea.ithas9000-strongroomsinit.accordingtolegendthereare9999.5room-unitsinall.thewholecompoundisenclosedbya10-meter-hignwallandisaccessedthroughfourentrances,namely,themeridiangateinthesouth,thegateofmilitaryprowessinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateinthenorth,donghua(easternflowery)gateintheeastandxihua(westernflowery)gateinthewest.oneachcornerthereisaturretconsistedof9roofbeams,18pillarsand72ridge.encirclingthecompoundthereisa3,800-meter-longand52meter-widemoat,makingthepalacemuseumaself-defensivecity-within-acity.
thepalacemuseumwasmadeacenterofruleduringthemingdynastybyzhundi,thefourthsonofthefoundingemperorzhuyuanzhang.thewholecomplexstraddlesonan8-kilometers-longcentralaxisthatstretchesfromyongding(foreverstable)gateinthesouthtogulou(drumtower)inthenorth.prominencewasgiventotheroyalpowerbyputtingthe“threemainfronthalls”and“threebackhalls”ontheaxiswhilearrangeothersubsidiarystructurearoundthem.theconstructionofthepalacemuseuminvolvedmanpowerandresourcesacrosschina.forexample,thebrickslaidinthehalls,knownas“goldbrick,”underwentcomplex,two–dozenprocesses.asthefinaltouch,thefiredbricksweredippedinchinesewoodoil.involvingcomplicatedprocessesandhighcost,thesebrickarecalled“goldenbricks.”thepalacemuseumservesasalivingembodimentofgoodtraditionandstylesuniquetochina`sancientarchitecture.itreflectstothefulltheingenuityandcreativityofthechineseworkingpeople.acarefullypreservedandcompletegroupofroyalresidences,thepalacemuseumisaprominenthistoricalandtouristsite.
whatwearenowapproachingisthemainentrancetothepalacemuseum-themeridiangate,whichischaracterizedbyredwalls,yellowglazed–tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthiswalls,yellowglazed-tileroofsandupturnedeaves.ontopofthismagnificentbuilding,therestandfiveloftyhallswithamainhallinthecenter.themainhallisroofedbymultipleeavesandcoversaspaceof9room-units.itisflankedbytwowingsoneachside.thewingsaresquareinshape,completewithmultipleandfouredgedeavesandpinnacles.allofthesestructuresareconnectedbyacolonnade.becausethesehallsresembleasoaringbird,itwasalsoknowaswufenglou(five-phoenixtower).insidethemainhallthereisathrone.drumsandbellswerestoredinthewings.whenevertheemperorpresidedovergrandceremoniesorobservedritesinthehallofupremeharmony,drums,bellsandgongswouldbestrucktomarktheoccasion.
asthelegendgoes,themeridiangateusedtobeaplacewherecondemnedrankingofficialswouldbeexecuted.thisnottrue.however,floggingwascarriedoutherebythemingemperors,ifacourtierfallsafouloftheemperor,hewouldbestrippedofhiscourtdressandfloggingwithastick.atonepointthepunishmentbecamesoharshthatatotalof11peoplediedfromfatalwoundonasingleoccasion.ontheotherhand,thisbuildingwasalsousedtoobserveimportantoccasionslikethetraditionalchineselanternfestival(15thdayofthefirstlunarmonth).ontheseoccasions,chineselanternswouldbehangedandsumptuousbanquetswouldbegiveninhonourofthewholecourtofministersandotherrankingofficials.
uponenteringthemeridiangatewebeganourtourofthepalacemuseum.theriverfoowinginfrontofusisknownasjinshuihe(goldenwaterriver)andthefivemarblesbridgesspanningitareknownastheinnergoldenwaterbridges.theoninthemiddlewasusedexclusivebytheemperoranditsbanisterswerecarvedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thebridgesflankingtheimperialonewerereservedforprincesandotherroyalmembers.therestwereusedbypalatines.asidefromdecoration,thegoldenwaterriverwasalsodugasprecautionagainstfire.mostofthestructureswithinthepalacemuseumaremadeofwood.whatismore,accordingtoancientchinesecosmology,thesouthistheabodeoffire,sothisbrookwasdugonthesoutherntipofthepalace.inthisway,thepalacemuseumreflectstraditionalchineseculture.
thisbuildingiscalledthegateofsupremeharmony.intheforegroundstandtwobronzelions.cananybodytellwhichismaleandwhichisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale?theoneontheeastplayingwithaballismale,symbolizingpoweranduniversalunity.theotheronthewestwithacubcuddlingunderneathitsclawisfemale,representingprosperitytheendlesssuccession.alayoutofthepalacemuseumispostedbytheentrance.fromit,youcanseethatthepalacemuseumhastwomainparts:theforecourtandtheinnercourt.thethreemainhallsconstitutethemainstayoftheforecourt,anditwasherethattheemperorannounceddecisionsandobservedrites.behindtheforecourtthereistheinnercourt,consistingofmajorhallsandtheimperialgarden.itwaswheretheemperorattendedstateaffairs,livedandenjoyedhisluxuriouslife.theexhibitionsystemofthepalacemuseuminvolveshistoricalcourtrelicsandarticlesofancientartandculture.thepalacemuseumhousesnearlyonemillionarticlesofraretreasure,oronesixthofthetotalnumberinallofchina`smuseums.therearethethreemainhallsofthepalacemuseum,builtonatriplemarbleterrace.sincemostofchina`sarchitectureismadeofwood,thebuildingscannotbetootall.togaintheheightofthearchitecture,ingeniousancientartisansbuiltthehallonagiganticstoneterrace.itisalsotothisendthatnotasingleplantwasgrowninthesquare.onstairwaysoftriplemarbleterracethereare18bronzetripods.theverandahisflankedbybronzetortoisesandcranes,whichservedassymbolsoflongevity.ontheeastisasundial,anancienttimepiece.onthewestthereisagrainmeasuresuggestingthattheemperorwasjustandequitable.
inthefrontandoneachflank,thereisapairofgiltbronzevats(caldrons)moldedduringthereignofemperorqianlongoftheqingdynasty.eachoftheseweights2tonsandisfilledwithwaterasaprecautionintheeventofafire.thestructureintheverymiddleisthehallofsupremeharmony,alsoknownasthethronehall.itis64metersinwidthandis38metersfromentrancetorear.withterraceexclusive,thehallis26.92metersinheightandis35.03metersinall.coveringandareaof2,377squaremeters,thehallofsupremeharmonyischina`slargestexitingwoodenstructure.thehallissupportedby6thick,roundpillarscarvedinadesignofcoilingdragons.astheholiestplaceinthehall,theceilingandcoloredpatternsweremadeofthefinestmaterialavailableatthattime.thethronewasplacedonaterraceandisflankedbystatuesofelephants,luduan(aunicornwhichcouldtravel18,000kilometersadayandunderstandalllanguages),cranesandincensebarrels.overthethronethereisthecaisson,orcoveredceiling,whichconsistsofacoilingdragonplayingwithaballinitsmouth.thisballisknownasxuanyuanmirror,andwassupposedlymadebyachineseemperorofremotetimestoserveasareminderthattheerulerstofollowwerehishereditaryheirs.thethroneismadeofnanmuandpaintedingold.magnificentlybuiltandluxuriouslydecorated,thishalldidnotserveasaplaceinwhichtheemperorattendedtodailyaffairs.heusedhishallformajoreventssuchashisbirthday,conferraloftitleofempressordispatchofgeneralstowar.
behindthehallofsupremeharmony,theresitsthehallofcompleteharmony.thisstructureissquareinshape.eachsideis24.15meters.thiswastheplacewheretheemperorrelaxedandgreetedhiscourtiersbeforeproceedingtothehallofsupremeharmonytoobserverites.thiswasalsotheplacewheretheemperorpreparedprayersorexaminedseedsandsowersbeforeheattendedancestralsacrificesorparticipatedinsnowingceremonies.agrandceremonywasalsoheldhereonceevery10yearsfortheemperortogenealogizetheroyalblood.therearetwosedanchairsondisplayinthehall.behindthehallofcompleteharmony,youwillseethehallofpreservingharmony,whichwasusedasaplacewhereimperialexaminationswereheld.theimperialexaminationwasthehignestlevelofcompetingformeritoriousappointmentunderthefeudalsystemdatingbacktothesuidynasty.china`slastimperialexaminationwasheldin1904duringthereignofemperorguangxuoftheqingdynasty.totherearofhallthereisamarblerampcarvedwithcloudanddragondesigns,thelargestofitskindinthewholecountry.itis16.57metersinlength,3.07metersinwidth,1.7metersthickandweighs250tons.itwasquarriedinfangshancountyinsuburbanbeijing.tobringthisgiantpieceofstonetobeijingpeoplepouredwaterontotheroadandappliedrollingblocksduringtheprocess.
wearenowstandingbeforethesquareofthehallofheavenpurity.itservedasadivideseparatingtheforecourtfromtheinnercourt.thisbuildingisknownasthegateofheavenlypurity.emperorqianlongheldcourthere.proceedingfurthernorth,youcanfindthreemainrearhalls,i.e.thehallofheavenlypurity.thehallofunionandpeaceandpalaceofearthlytranquility.thehallofheavenlypurityifflankedoneithersidebytwogatesnamedafterthesunandmoon.insidetheenclosurethereare12palacesandhallssymbolizingconstellations.alloftheotherbuildingsarecenteredaroundthepalaceofheavenlypurity,whichwasmeanttosuggestthatthemonarch`spowerwasendowedbyheaven.theempressandconcubineslivedintheinnercourt.
thehallofheavenlypuritywaswheretheemperorlivedandattendedtodailyaffairs.latertheemperormovedtoliveinthepalaceofmentalcultivation.lookingupyoucanseeaplaquebearingthechineseinscription“beopenandabove-board,”amanifestotocourtstruggle.behindtheplaqueastrongboxwasstoredcontainingawillbearingthenameofthewould–beroyalsuccessor.thisapproachofsecretlyselectingthenextemperorwasadoptedbyemperoryongzhengoftheqingdynasty.twocopiesofthewillwereprepared.onewasstashedbytheemperorinperson,theotherwasplacedinsidethestrongboxbehindtheplaque.afterthedeathoftheemperor,thetwocopieswouldbecomparedandsuccessorwouldbeannounced.itwasinthiswaythatemperorqianglongandothershaveascendedthethrone.
behindthehallofheavenlypurityyouwillseethehallofunionandpeace,whichisindenticaltothehallofcompleteharmony.itwastherethattheemperorreceivedcongratulationsandtributesfromimperialofficialsonmajorcalenderoccasions,atotalof25imperialsealsarestoredthere.inthehall,youwillseeaplaquewiththehandwritteninscriptionof“wewei,”exhortingtaoistdoctrines.
furthernorthwardisthepalaceofearthlytranquillity,whichonceservedasthelivingroomoftheempresses`.thehallwaslaterconvertedintoasacrificialplace.throughthewindowpanesontheeasternwallyoucanseetheroyalbeddecoratedwithdragonandphoenixdesigns.thishallhasalsoservedasthebridalchamberofmonarchs.
Today we are going to visit the three pagodas temple of Dali. Welcome, everyone!
Before we got the three pagodas temple, I would like to give you a brief introduction of Dali. Why is it called Dali? As we all know Dali has a long history. After the Kingdom of NanZhao, Duansiping Established the Kingdom of Dali. li this Chinese word refers to manners， indicated the hope of the king that make his country a prosperous and civilized place.
Dali is a world famous tourist attraction. It is rich in cultural heritages and tourist resources. Dali is widely claimed as the Oriental Switzerland， the Chinese Geneva and the Pearl on the Yunnan Plateau。 Each year, it attracts thousands of tourists both at home and from abroad to pay a visit. For example, the Cangsang mountain, Erhai lake, Dali Ancient city and the Three Pagodas are all important resorts in Dali. And we are all familiar with the saying:wind, flowers, snow and the moon， which refers to the snow on Cangshan mountain, the moon of the Erhai Lake, the wind of Shangguan county and the flowers in Xiaguang county. There are regarded as the best sight of Dali. We will enjoy them later.
The Bai Nationality is the chief nationality in Dali Prefecture. It has the second biggest population among the 25 ethnic minorities in Yunnan, totaling more than 1,000,000 people. The Bai people have a long history and a well-developed culture. Under the influence of the Han people, some of their customs and habits are quite similar to those of the Han people. As our bus keeps moving on towards Dali, you will see more and more houses and villiages that have a strong local colour of the Bai people.
Dali City is the capital of the Bai Autonomous Prefecture. As the largest city in the west of Yunnan, it covers an area of 1,400 square kilometers with a population of more than 450,000. In addition, Dali City is the political, economic and cultural center of Dali, as well as one of the important gateways to the Southeast Asian nations.
OK, everyone, we are now at the Three Pagodas Temple. Lets go inside and see.
Three Pagodas are the ancient landmarks. They have been the symbol of Dali. The temple located in the piedmont of Cangshan mountain and the near the Erhai Lake. The three pagodas are the only building of the temple. Because the temple went through the war and has been ruined. In Chinese we call it cong shen， which means admiring the Buddha, and this Buddha refers to the 观音。
After cross this plaza we will be in the temple. See ,the three pagodas stand there. The major Pagoda, built during the period of NanZhao State, stands 69 meters in height and is divided into 16 tiers. Each tier is inlaid with the statues of Buddha. On its front, four Chinese characters are quite striking, meaning Ensuring Tranquility to Mountains and Rivers Forever. From this, we can conclude that one of the reasons to built this pagoda is to prevent disasters. This pagoda, we call it 千寻。
The three pagodas have a history of more than 1,000 years. They have warthered the storms and earthquakes several years. Still, the three pagodas stand firm and erect. They clearly show us the exquisite and superb craftsmanship of the ancient Chinese architecture.
In recent years, the local government renovated the three pagodas. During the renovation, inside the major pagoda were found lots of treasures: Buddhist Sciptures, gold, silver, bronze and iorn wares, pearl, agate, amber, jade and some herbs, totaling more than 600 pieces.来源：考试大网
These three pagodas make a beautiful picture. If seen from a far distance, you will have such a feeling that how can this miracle exist in this world. Every time when I saw them, I always wondered that. They are really the wonderful works made by Bai people.
This way, please, everyone. Now we can see the Statue of Yutong 观音。 It is a rebuilt one, the original one was destroyed before. This statue is different from other statues of观音 in other places around China. Whats the difference? Please look at it clearly. Its face looks like a womans face, and its body resembles a man s body. This feature can not be found in other statue.
After visiting the temple, we will go to enjoy the scenery of Cangshan mountain and Erhai Lake, Ok ,Lets go, everyone.
中文版
云南大理是中国唯一的白族自治州，是云南历史文化的最早发祥地之一。秦王朝时期，中央政府把大理地区正式纳入中国版图，汉王朝在这里设置郡县，唐代的南诏国和宋代的大理国在这里建国都，大理成为当时的云南政治、经济、文化中心。大理古城是全国历史文化名城，有献名邦、亚洲文化十字路口的古都的美誉。大理还是是全国首批优秀旅游城市之一，荣获最佳中国魅力城市称号。
大理悠久的历史、灿烂的文化遗留下了众多的文物古迹。其中，最负盛名的就是大理三塔，它以其悠久的历史，丰富的文化内涵及其独特的美学价值，并于1961年被国务院例为第一批公布的全国重点文物保护单位。
在众多游客的心目中，崇圣寺三塔是大理的象征，也是云南古代历史文化的象征，也是中国南方最古老、最宏伟的建筑之一。到了大理如果不游三塔，就不算游了大理。
大理三塔位在苍山之麓，洱海之畔。湖光山色把三塔打扮的分外妖娆，而三塔对持，金碧交辉，又把苍山洱海点缀得更加秀美。大理三塔就象美丽而多情的白族少女，以其独特的卓越风姿，欢迎四面八方的游客。据记载，大理三塔原来是崇圣寺的一部分。如今，寺院已在历代的战乱和灾害中毁坏。而三塔却历经千余年沧桑而保存了下来，这不能不说是一种历史的文化缘分。
这里我还要告诉大家三塔具有不同于内地塔的两个特点:一是三塔层数均为偶数,而内地塔多为奇数.二是中原塔由基座向上直线收缩,下大上小,呈矩梯形;而三塔上下较小,中部较大,外部轮廓呈曲线,具有曲线美,与中原塔相比更为挺拔俊秀.
我国拥有丰富渊博的传统文化和历史文物，吸引了很多外国游客。近年来，旅游业蓬勃发展，在国民经济中占了越来越重要的份额。据预测，到2020年，我国将成为全球第一大旅游目的地国。旅游翻译，特别是导游词翻译是加快旅游发展以及旅游国际化的一个重要活动。导游词是导游人员引导旅客参观游览时的解说词，可以帮助游客更好地领会风土人情、自然风光以及传播文化知识。然而，有些导游词的译文忽略了游客的文化背景和接受信息的能力，比如对词汇空缺视而不见，或者直接采取音译法，影响了外国游客对中国文化和历史的理解，难以吸引外国游客。鉴于导游词翻译的重要作用，我们有必要探讨怎样才能提高英文导游词的质量。本文从功能翻译理论出发，结合其在景点导游词翻译中的应用，探究如何通过有效的策略增强英文导游词的吸引力，满足外国游客在旅游中获取景点信息并了解中国文化的需求。
一、功能翻译理论
功能翻译理论是20世纪70年代由德国学者提出的翻译理论。重要理论有赖斯的功能主义翻译批评理论，威密尔的目的论，曼塔莉的翻译行为理论和诺德的功能加忠诚理论。1971年，赖斯首次提出翻译功能论（functional approach），引入“功能类型”这一概念，她的理论仍是建立在以原文作为中心的“等值”基础之上，其实质指的是寻求译文与原文的功能对等。赖斯认为，翻译时应先确定文本类型，再确定翻译方法，并且二者应当一致。赖斯概括了三种基本文本类型：信息文本、表达文本和操作文本，其功能分别是为读者提供信息、表达原文作者的情感和召唤读者做出行动。威密尔是赖斯的学生，但是他的目的论突破了对等理论的限制，不提倡一成不变和源语言中心。目的论提倡译文的预期目的决定着翻译方法或策略，即结果决定过程。它有三个法则：目的法则、连贯性法则和忠实性法则。之后，曼塔利提出翻译行为理论，该理论区分了“翻译行为”和“翻译”。作为对目的论的补充，诺德的“功能加忠诚”原则“要求译者在翻译行为中对翻译过程中的各方参与者负责，竭力协调好各方关系”。其中，对“各参与方负责”具体指对翻译发起者、目的语读者和原文作者负责，导游词不能根据译者想法胡乱编写。
二、功能翻译理论在导游词翻译中的应用
目前，我国旅游业也处于加快发展的关键时期，入境旅游、国内旅游和出境旅游这三大市场发展迅速，而入境旅游和出境旅游的导游服务都具有涉外性。因此导游员不仅要宣传中国文化，还要当好“民间外交家”，促进民间交往。在入境旅游中，导游词应起到帮助导游员达到宣传中国文化的作用。下面就是以一些旅游景点为例，针对导游词的主体部分的翻译，具体说明功能翻译理论在导游词翻译中的应用。
例1：德天瀑布随四季变化，姿色各异，春，木棉如火，点缀在一片银河倾盆之间，顿觉春风得意，夏，河水涨溢，激流排山倒海冲泻而下，倍感两袖清风，心旷神怡，秋，素娟高挂，碧水清流渲染在丰收景致之中，注满了丰收的喜悦，冬，流水织秀，多束水流悠悠而下，感受神清气和，心境清高。
Detian Waterfall offers different beauty with the change of every season. In spring， the waterfall is interspersed with red kapok， which makes us elated. In summer， the overflowing river rushes rapidly and overwhelmingly form upstream， which makes us cool and relaxed. In autumn， the moon hanging on the sky and clear water render the landscape of harvest， which makes us feel the joy of harvest. In winter， several streams flow down slowly， which make us clear and calm.
中英文导游词有不同的书写习惯。中文导游词讲究形式对称、多用排比，以求行文工整，语言精美华丽、诗意盎然，用词凝练含蓄。而英文导游词结构严谨，语言表达通俗直观，措辞简单明了，句式大多采用简单句和简单的复合句。在导游词英译过程中，如果一味要求与原文一致，那么在我们看来很美的句子在外国游客眼中则是晦涩难懂。所以，在翻译时要注意实用性，也就是目的性，要让外国游客了解景点并且产生共鸣。“目的论的连贯性法则（coherence rule）要求译文必须符合语内连贯的标准，即译文必须能让接受者理解，并在目的语文化及使用译文的交际环境中有意义” 。因此，导游词翻译不仅要让游客了解景点和相关情况，还要在游客的文化背景及导游过程中有意义。在翻译过程中，如果遇到一些具有重复意义的词语，不要求逐字逐句翻译，将原文信息全部表达，否则会使译文冗长，增加游客负担，降低游览兴趣。译者可以使用省译法来删减重复意义的词汇，力求译文直观通俗。中文导游词中的排比句式在翻译中也可以有所体现，因为排比可以增强节奏感和条理性，有利于抒发强烈的感情并且产生共鸣，同时译者也要注意连贯性。
例2：佛子山景区内峰峦叠嶂，群山环抱；林木繁茂，溪洞纵横，山清水秀。生态资源丰富，生物种类繁多。
With overlapping peaks， luxuriant forest， countless streams and caves and picturesque scenery， Fozi Mountain enjoys a wide variety of ecological resources and biological species.
例3：黄姚古镇是一个古朴别致的山水园林古镇。镇中的古榕，奇石和小桥流水交相辉映，营造出一幅“小桥、流水、人家”的自然田园风景。
The ancient town of Huangyao is a quaint town with landscape garden. In this town， banyan， wonderful stones， small bridges and running brooks contrast finely with each other and create a picture of pastoral life.
信息文本、表达文本和操作文本是赖斯概括出来的三种基本文本类型。在翻译之前，应先判断文本类型，再确定翻译方法。虽然导游词是集信息、表达、传唤为一体的复合文本，但是我们可以发现例2和例3主要是介绍佛子山景区，所以可以视为信息文本，其功能是为游客提供景区信息，文本重心在文本内容上，译文应该以传达文本内容为主，因此翻译时用词应简单易懂，内容上要表达清楚明了。但是，重内容文本并不是不讲究形式，重形式文本也不是忽略文本内容，二者相辅相成，不能截然分开。此外，表达文本类型的功能是表达情感，强调文本形式和美学效果，可以采取对照式翻译，采用文本作者的视点，而操作文本类型的功能是召唤行动，强调文本效果，可以采取调整式翻译。
例4：桂林风景秀丽，以漓江风光和喀斯特地貌为代表的山水景观，有 “四绝”之誉，是中国自然风光的典型代表和经典品牌。“千峰环野立，一水抱城流”，这是对桂林山水的真是写照。
Characterized by the picturesque scenery of Li River and karst formation， Guilin is a typical representative of China's natural scenery and enjoys the honor of “four unique scenic features”， namely green mountains， clean rivers， wonderful caves and grotesque rocks. "Thousands of pinnacles stand towering around； a river winds its way about the city." This is a vivid description of Guilin scenery.
但是由于文化背景不同，外国旅客往往会对中国文化特别是一些文化词缺乏了解，这不利于文化的传播。因此，导游词的英译应该考虑到文化差异，根据诺德的忠诚原则，对翻译发起者、原文作者以及旅客负责。例4中，虽然原文作者没有说清“四绝”是哪四绝，但是译者可采取补充说明的方法，向外国游客更好地宣传。桂林的“四绝”指的是山青、水秀、洞奇、石美，所以在英文导游词中应补充这些信息。此外，中文导游词中不乏具有本国特色的文化词，在翻译时应该做出补充说明。如西施，可以译为“Xishi， a famous beauty in ancient China”，文房四宝可以译为“the Four Treasure of the Study，namely brush， ink stick， paper， and ink stone”五行可译为“Five Elements （metal， wood， water， fire and earth）”， 如果在翻译过程中能对这些文化词进行补充说明，主动为游客解惑，就能避免游客产生误解，加深他们对中国文化的了解。
三、结语
［关键词］导游词 英语翻译 语境差异
［中图分类号］H315［文献标识码］A［文章编号］1009-5349（2010）11－0048－01
一、导游词翻译过程中的语境差异
汉语是世界上最复杂的语言之一。复杂之一便在于意义“语境”。语境是各种各样的，所以中文的词义也是千变万化的。例如：“书”的英文是book，可是介绍中国女子擅长的“琴棋书画”中的“书”却是handwriting或者callyigraphy。在导游词讲解翻译过程中，不要受中文的约束，要时时留心意义语境，这样才能确保译文的准确性。例：“中国国家旅游局” China’s National Tourism Administration；“世界旅游日”World Tourist Day。
同是旅游，前者和旅游业有关，后者和旅游者有关，只看文字的字面意义，不注意它的实际含义 ;不了解实际情况，不管文字出现的具体场合，甚至按照字面的直译或意译，就会造成误译，给外国游客留下错误的印象。翻译时不能受中文的约束，时时留意语境，才能保证译文的准确性。可见中文的语境意义是要格外引起注意的。
二、导游词翻译过程中的词汇本义和引申义的差异
在导游词翻译过程中有时会遇到某些词在词典上找不到适当的词义，如果生搬硬套，不能确切地表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时要做的是根据上下文，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引申。引申意义也是脱离不了词的本义。如 “风景如画的西湖 ”。这里的“风景如画”用什么词好？“picturesque”是个不错的选择。“嵩山以习武著称，又是佛教名山，山中寺院林立。”用“galaxy（星系，银河）”这个词引申一下表示“多”，这句话可译成：With a galaxy of temples,the Songshan Mountain is one of China’s Buddhist shrines as well as a center of Chinese material arts。由此可见，在一定语境下，语言的引申很重要。
三、导游词翻译过程中成语直译与阐译的差异
两种语言毕竟存在差异，还有很多成语直译后得不到相对应的成语。当直译有困难或勉强译出，而英语游客又无法理解时，一般应采用阐译法。阐译主要是指在翻译时抓住内容和喻义这一重要方面，结合上下文，比较灵活地表达原意。如：“上有天堂，下有苏杭”如果直译便是：Heaven above Hangzhou and Suzhou below，这样外国游客便会丈二和尚摸不到头脑。原文要表达的是举世无双的意思，用阐译法则译成：As there is a paradise in heaven,there are Hangzhou and Suzhou on earth。这样外国游客就能理解了。一般说来，成语的主要意义并不等于构成该成语的各个单词之义的简单叠加，而是要大于它，甚至同它大相径庭。这就是：“熟悉的词用于表达不熟悉的意思”。如下例中“鸡毛蒜皮”一词的英译，光译这个成语的形象是不能达意的，只好又加一句，点名形象的联想意义，只是不免有些累赘。例：“我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事，还没有顾得上呢。”――“We haven’t had time,we’ve been too busy with chicken feather and onion skin affairs,with light trivial matters!”
四、导游词翻译过程中的被动句翻译的主、被动差异
在导游词翻译中我们常会碰到被动句。汉语的被动句子，从结构上来说，大体可以分为两类：一类带有表达被动意义的标记；另一类则不带这种标记。普通而常见的是后一类。不论属于哪一类，英译时基本上仍可运用被动语态。例：“张家界被列入世界自然遗产。”――“Zhangjiajie has been listed in the world natrual heritage list”。这一类句子有的说出了动作的主动者，有的则没有说出。但不管哪种情况都着重被动的动作，这也是之所以用被动形式的原因。需要注意的是中文里表示被动的不要老在找“被”字，而是更要关注象“挨”“由”“给”“予以”“遭到”“受到”“为”“所”等词作为被动符号。例：她深受大家的尊敬――She is greatly respected by everyone。
五、主动句翻译的主被动差异
在翻译导游词的时候，不要受到中文主动句约束，有时可有意识地运用被动语态。有些句子在形式上一般都有主语，也有动词，但是主语在实际上是谓语动词的动作承受着者，而不是执行者。动作执行者并未出现。这种句子结构上为主动句，而含义上是被动句。这一类型被动句在汉语中大量存在，英译时一般也要用被动语态来处理。例：武汉的黄鹤楼初建于三国时期。――Wuhan’s Huanghelou (Yellow Crane)Tower,was originally built in the Three Kingdoms Period。上面的例句如果用被动语态翻译比主动语态要更生动，所以在导游翻译中大量的中文主动句要根据情况灵活地译成英语的被动句。
【关键词】旅游专业英语 ESP 教学改革 任务型语言教学模式
随着中国经济的快速发展和经济全球一体化发展趋势,中国已经成为世界上最可靠的投资热土和最安全的旅游胜地。旅游业涉外服务性质决定了从业人员应具有较强的英语实际运用能力,尤其是优秀的英语听说能力。为了满足市场对人才的需求,增强涉外旅游人才的竞争力,就必须强化旅游专业学生英语口语实际操作能力,培养其以英语作为交际手段的业务能力。
笔者从事旅游专业英语教学已有五年。在这五年中,笔者不断地思考并探索这门课程教学改革的方向和思路,通过收集资料,分析现状,结合实际教学,笔者总结出一套具有较强针对性的教学改革方案,并运用于教学中。实践证明,该教改方案明显、有效地提高了教学效果,改善了目前不符合市场需要的人才培养方案和传统的教学模式、教学方法,达到了真正提高学生行业英语应用能力的目标。
1 我国旅游专业英语教学现状及评价
在国外,旅游专业英语是专门用途英语(ESP)一个分支,兴起于20世纪60年代的西方,其教学和研究已经硕果累累,而在我国则方兴未艾,属于职业教育范畴。近年来,国内中高等职业学校、各大专本科院校及其独立学院、二级学院、成人学院普遍为其旅游专业方向的学生开设该门课程,此外,一些社会培训机构也会根据市场需要为学员提供旅游专业英语培训,各旅行社本身也定期为员工做英语培训。就学校教育而言,该教学的普及开展为无数未来涉外旅游人才提供语言准备,取得了一定的教学成绩,为我国旅游业的发展做出了一定贡献。然而,通过对大量旅行社用人单位尤其是从事涉外业务的旅行社做问卷调查,综合意见表明,目前大部分旅游专业毕业生的英语实际应用能力较以往有所提高但还达不到涉外旅行社的用人要求,教学效果普遍有待提高。总的来说,教学模式和方法跟不上旅游专业能力需要。
2 论旅游专业英语的教学改革措施
2.1明确培养目标
无论是职业学校还是大专本科院校,开设旅游专业英语课程的目标都是为旅行社培养英语实际应用能力强的初、中乃至高级职业人才。对于旅游业而言,英语实际应用能力主要指应用英语进行熟练的口头交际能力、英文导游词写作能力以及旅行社常用英文行程安排表、旅游路线介绍资料的处理能力,包括要学会运用英语进行有关顾客接待、旅行线路推广等业务会话;在游览过程中,要能够与外方游客用英语进行顺畅口头交流;熟悉英文导游词写作套路和方法,掌握英文行程安排表和旅游路线介绍资料的翻译技巧等。
2.2构建“口语任务+专业知识”教学模式
口语任务是指以任务的形式布置给学生的行业英文口语练习,包括课堂即兴口语任务和课后作业性质口语任务。课堂即兴口语任务的内容是角色扮演,学生自由分组,有三种形式,形式一:给每组一段旅游英文情景对话,让学生以角色扮演形式把对话表演出来,互评打分;形式二:给每组一个场景和部分相关英语用语,让学生按要求模拟给定场景以角色扮演形式编英文情景对话并表演出来,互评打分;形式三:给每组一段英文导游词和一个景点及相关背景介绍,让学生分析已给导游词的写作套路,然后按照该套路就已给景点写导游词并口头表演该导游词。课后作业性质口语任务的内容则更加丰富且形式多样,例如:把学生分成若干组,给每组一段旅游从业者日常工作对话(中文或英文录音),拿到中文稿的组把中文稿翻译成英文,做成中英对照稿PPT且以英文角色扮演的形式表演出来,并录像或录音;拿到英文录音的组把英文录音翻译成中文,做成中英对照稿PPT同样以英文角色扮演的形式表演出来,并录像或录音。将完成的PPT、录像或录音作为课件供学生观摩、互评和打分。类似这样的口语任务能充分发挥学生能动性,以学生实践为目标导向,寓教于练,学生完成任务后成就感自信心倍增,开口说英语的意愿更加强烈,会期待甚至主动索要下一个任务。专业知识是指旅游业专业知识,包括旅行社英文工作用语和行业知识。这部分教学通过引导学生学习旅行社日常工作中的英文情景对话和旅游行业介绍文章来实现,是对口语任务的补充。
构建“口语任务+专业知识”教学模式,应以引导学生完成口语任务为主,辅以专业知识教学,着重口语任务的设计、安排和组织,主要通过多种口语任务培养学生英语交际能力和旅游专业素养,整个教学过程在学生参与下完成,教学目的更明确,更能调动学生积极性,更强调实践,更符合全球化形势下,国际旅游业对行业人才教育的新高要求。
2.3采用“还原+创造情景”为主,教师精讲引导,学生自主多练的教学方法
笔者自2006年起便开始在实际教学中尝试构建“口语任务+专业知识”教学模式,经过反复教学实践和教学效果比对,笔者总结出“还原+创造情景”为主,教师精讲引导,学生自主多练的教学方法。该教学方法是TBLT教学思想和情景教学法的有机结合,按照该方法,具体教学过程是:还原并精讲旅游英文情景对话+布置课堂即兴口语任务(形式一)—创造旅游情景并布置课堂即兴口语任务(形式二,形式三)—精讲旅游行业介绍文章—布置课后作业性质口语任务。
纵观整个教学过程,教学难重点在前两步,解决办法:旅游相关情景涵盖面广,较为复杂,情景易交错,因此应把旅游的各种情景、每个情景下对应的对话分类进行教学。第一步:教学时,尽量利用多媒体等现代教学手段模拟出旅游真实场景,若条件允许可利用旅游实训室或实习基地,给出场景说明和角色描述从而实现还原情景,精讲该情景下的对话,着重行业术语和常用表达法,然后引导学生以角色扮演形式表演已学情景对话。例如:给学生播放一段导游与游客在九寨黄龙景区的情景对话录像或录音,介绍对话背景和角色,重点为学生讲解对话中出现的专业术语和有用表达法例如:Karst(喀斯特地貌),Layer Waterfall(分层瀑布)Tibetan Buddhism(藏传佛教),Now it's time for free visit, enjoy yourselves, we'll gather again in 20 minutes at the main gate.(现在是自由活动时间,大家随意游览,20分钟以后我们在大门集合)等,给出对话原稿。不断重播对话录像或录音,引导学生从整体上把握且熟读熟记对话,然后布置课堂即兴口语任务形式一:让学生分组以角色扮演的形式把该对话表演出来,互评打分。第二步:在第一步场景基础上,利用多媒体,有条件者可利用实训室、实习基地,有目的地引入或创设一个类似的旅游场景,创造角色放入该场景,对角色和场景进行详细描述说明,以实现创造情景,然后给出话题和对话要求,列出有用英语术语和表达法,然后布置课堂即兴口语任务形式二:引导学生在该情景下,根据对话要求,以角色扮演的形式,口头编情景对话。教师应做大量课前准备,才能在课堂中真实还原和创造旅游情景,准备工作包括:分类整理旅游情景对话、收集筛选相关资料(文字、录音或视頻)、设计场景说明和角色描述、预先分配课堂练习时间等。
上述教学过程后两步是对前两步教学的补充和加强:精讲旅游行业介绍文章,着重引导学生把握各类景区和旅行社运作情况,有助于其加深行业知识,培养专业素养;布置课后作业性质口语任务,加入多种形式的口语练习,有助于增加学生参与兴趣,达到强化其口语提高英语交际能力的目的。
【参考文献】
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