时间:2023-05-30 10:56:05
开篇:写作不仅是一种记录,更是一种创造,它让我们能够捕捉那些稍纵即逝的灵感,将它们永久地定格在纸上。下面是小编精心整理的12篇疑问代词,希望这些内容能成为您创作过程中的良师益友,陪伴您不断探索和进步。
中图分类号:H109.2 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1005-5312(2011)23-0186-02
疑问代词是表示疑问意义的代词,自从马建忠在《马氏文通》中设“询问代词”以来,疑问代词的研究便一直受到语法学界的关注。《诗三百》作为四书五经之一,后世非常推崇,尊之为《诗经》,孔子也曾对其有过“不学‘诗’,无以言”的评价。的确,被喻为“周代社会生活百科全书”的《诗经》是一本内涵丰富的书,非常全面地再现了当时的社会生活,反映了当时语言使用的状况。笔者将以《诗经》为蓝本,对上古汉语中疑问代词的使用情况作一番粗浅地探析,以求教方家。
《诗经》中出现的疑问代词有:何、胡、曷、谁、如何、如之何、安、焉、几何、害、等十几个。以上疑问代词可分为如下几类:人物疑问代词、事物疑问代词、方式情状疑问代词、原因目的疑问代词、处所疑问代词、时间疑问代词和数量疑问代词[1]。因大多数疑问代词不止一类用法,下文将在对《诗经》每一个疑问代词作穷尽式数量统计的基础上进行系统的分析。
一、“何”
“‘何’,甲骨文、周金文中少见,书经、石鼓文有之。《诗经》及列国时代以下常用之。”“何”自从在《尚书》、《诗经》中频繁出现后,逐渐成为应用最广泛、句法功能最完善的一个疑问代词。“何”在《诗经》中做疑问代词102例。有以下几类用法:
(一)事物疑问代词,共81例。做事物疑问代词是“何”最为常见的用法,在句法中询问事物。
1、做宾语,共53例。“‘何’字指物 ,以用于宾语为常”,做宾语是“何”的主要句法功能,一般都用在动词之前,译为“什么”。
(1)人而无仪,不死何为?(国风・{风・相鼠)
(2)知我者,谓我心忧;不知我者,谓我何求。(国风・卫风・黍离)
(3)父母何怙?悠悠苍天,曷其有所?(国风・唐风・鸨羽)
(4)终南何有?有条有梅。(国风・秦风・终南)
(5)何以赠之?路车乘黄。(国风・秦风・渭阳)
(6)何以舟之?维玉及瑶,@e容刀。(大雅・公刘)
2、做谓语,共12例。仅出现在判断句中,译为“什么”。
(7)其钓维何?维丝伊缗。齐侯之子,平王之孙。(国风・召南・何彼a矣)
(8)其钓维何?维鲂及r。维鲂及r,薄言观者。(小雅・采绿)
(9)其告维何?笾豆静嘉。(大雅・既醉)
3、做定语,共16例。可用“何+N”来问人、物或时间。(N指名词。)
(10)悠悠苍天,此何人哉?(国风・卫风・黍离)
(11)何人不将?经营四方。(小雅・何草不黄)
(12)何草不黄?(同上)
(13)绸缪束薪,三星在天。今夕何夕,见此良人?(国风・唐风・绸缪)
(14)中心藏之,何日忘之?(小雅・隰桑)
(15)有者弁,实维何期?(小雅・弁)
(二)方式、情状疑问代词:共8例,做状语或谓语。在反诘句中询问事理,或在真性问句里询问性状。
1、做状语,5例。“何”译为“怎么”。
(16)陟彼石且矣,我马疒者矣,我仆疒甫矣,云何吁矣。(国风・周南・卷耳)
(17)彼人是哉,子曰何其?心忧矣,其谁知之?(国风・魏风・园有桃)
(18)既见君子,云何不乐?(国风・王风・扬之水)
2、做谓语,仅3例。译为“怎么样”。
(19)天实为之,谓之何哉!(国风・邶风・北门)
(三)原因、目的疑问代词。共9例。在句中作状语,译为“为什么”。
(20)何彼a矣,唐棣之华?(国风・召南・何彼a矣)
(21)何其处也?必有与也!(国风・邶风・旄丘)
(22)叔兮伯兮,何多日也?(同上)
(23)山有漆,隰有栗。子有酒食,何不日鼓瑟?(国风・唐风・山有枢)
(四)处所疑问代词。仅3例。在句中做宾语,译为“哪里”、“哪儿”。
(24)哀我人斯,于何从禄?(小雅・正月)
(25)靡所止疑,云徂何往?(大雅・桑柔)
(五)代时间的疑问代词:仅1例
(26)言念君子,温其在邑。方何为期?胡然我念之!(国风・秦风・小戎)
二、“胡”做宾语
“胡”做疑问代词55例。其有以下几类用法:
(一)原因、目的疑问代词,共39例。在句中做状语,既可修饰“不VP”,也可直接修饰“VP”。译为“为什么”。(此处及以下的VP均指动词或动词性短语。)
(27)式微,式微,胡不归?(国风・邶风・式微)
(28)人而无礼!胡不遄死?(国风・{风・相鼠)
(29)不稼不穑,胡取禾三百廛兮?(国风・魏风・伐檀)
(30)胡逝我梁,不入我门?(小雅・何人斯)
(31)胡不自北?胡不自南?胡逝我梁?搅我心。(同上)
(二)方式、情状疑问代词,共10例。用在反诘句中做状语,询问事理。译为“怎么”。
(32)胡能有定?宁不我顾。(国风・邶风・日月)
(33)人之为言,胡得焉?(国风・唐风・采苓)
(三)事物疑问代词,仅5例。限于“胡为”的组合,译为“为什么”。
(34)微君之故,胡为乎中露!(国风・邶风・式微)
(35)胡为乎株林?从夏南!匪适株林,从夏南!(国风・陈风・株林)
(36)抑此皇父,岂曰不时?胡为我作,不即我谋?(小雅・十月之交)
鞫人忮忒。谮始竞背。岂曰不极?伊胡为慝?如贾三倍,君子是识。妇无公事,休其蚕织。(大雅・瞻n)
(四)代处所的疑问代词。仅1例。在句中作定语,译为“什么”。
(37)我视谋犹,伊于胡底。(小雅・小F)
三、“谁”
《诗经》中“谁”做疑问代词48例。王力先生认为:“谁’是专指人而言的疑问代词,而且是不拘单数复数的。”因此48例中“谁”均为人物疑问代词,在句子中主要充当主语,少数做宾语,偶尔充当定语。译为“什么人”,“哪个(些)”。
(一)做主语,共39例。做主语是“谁”的主要句法功能。
(38)谁从穆公?子车奄息。(国风・秦风・黄鸟)
(39)具曰予圣,谁知乌之雌雄!(小雅・正月)
(40)谁能亨鱼?溉之釜g。谁将西归?怀之好音。(国风・桧风・匪风)
(41)谁谓雀无角?何以穿我屋?谁谓女无家?何以速我狱?虽速我狱,室家不足!(国风・召南・行露)
(42)谁谓荼苦,其甘如荠。宴尔新婚,如兄如弟。(国风・邶风・谷风)
(二)做宾语,8例。
代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
初中常见的代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。
一、人称代词
用来表示你、我、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化。
见下表:
二、物主代词
表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。见下表:
三、反身代词
表示“我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己”的代词叫反身代词。
其形式如下:
四、指示代词
表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”等意思的代词称为指示代词。指示代词有:this,that,these,those,it,such等。
指示代词的特殊用法
a.在比较状语从句中,为了避免重复,要用that或those代替提到过的名词。
b.this和these常指后面要讲的事物,有启下的作用,而that常指前面所讲过的事物,有承
上的作用。
c.such(如此的)和same(同样的)也是指示代词,单、复数形式相同,在句中可作定语、主语、
宾语和表语等成分,same前必须加the。
d.it指人时可作为指示代词,在句中作主语。
五、不定代词
不是指明代替任何特定名词(或形容词)的代词,不定代词有:
some一些(可数或不可数),any一些,任何,no没有,none没有人,没有东西,
many许多,few少,little少,all全部,both两个,every每个,one一个,either二者之一,
neither二者都不,other别的,a few一些,a little一些(不可数),another另一个,
还有由some,any,no,every构成的复合不定代词,如下图
不定代词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语,every和no只能作定语。复合不定代词的定语后置。
六、疑问代词
【考点一】考查人称代词的主格和宾格
人称代词主格( I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) 作主语,宾格(me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them)作及物动词或介词的宾语。作主语的人称代词若用于无谓语动词的简短应答句子中时,应用宾格来代替主格。
【考题链接】
1. Aunt Tina will visit us soon. _____ is arriving tomorrow morning. (重庆市)
A. He B. She C. His D. Her
2.―Susan, go and join your sister in cleaning the yard.
―Why _____? John is sitting there doing nothing at all. (湖北黄冈)
A. I B. me C. myself D. mine
【考点二】考查形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词具有形容词的功能,在名词之前作定语;名词性物主代词具有名词的功能,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。形容词性物主代词有: my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their。名词性物主代词有: mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,yours,theirs。
【考题链接】
3. I have a big brother. _____ name is Paul. (北京市)
A. His B. Her C. Its D. Your
4.―Excuse me, may I use your bicycle? _____ is broken.
―Certainly. But remember to return it before lunch. (江苏南京)
A. I B. Me C. Myself D. Mine
5.―The camera in your hand is nice, is it _____?
―Yes, but I’ll give it to my friend Lily as _____ birthday present. (湖北随州)
A. you;her B. your;hers
C. yours;her D. you;hers
【考点三】考查反身代词
反身代词的单数形式有:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,复数形式有:ourselves,yourselves,themselves。反身代词在句中常用作宾语、表语、同位语。在 enjoy oneself(玩得开心), help oneself to(随便用/吃……),kill oneself(自杀),lose oneself in(陶醉于),express oneself(自我表达),introduce oneself(自我介绍),talk to oneself(自言自语),learn by oneself(自学)等固定短语中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
【考题链接】
6. Don’t worry. We’re old enough to look after _____. (陕西省)
A. myself B. me C. ourselves D. us
7. Deng Ziqi won lots of fans for _____ through the TV program I AM A SINGER Ⅱ.(广东佛山)
A. she B. her C. herself
【考点四】考查复合不定代词
复合不定代词something,everything,anything,nothing 等表示事物;somebody,everyone,everybody,nobody,no one,anybody 等表示人。这些复合不定代词都是单数,可作主语、宾语或表语。一般来说,something,somebody,everything,everybody 用于肯定句;anything,anybody 用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句;nothing,nobody,no one 本身具有否定意义,不与 not 连用。此外,形容词修饰复合不定代词时,通常后置。
【考题链接】
8. At present,children mean _____ to most parents in China. (河南省)
A. everything B. nothing
C. anything D. something
9.―Your English is very good. Who taught you?
―_____. I learned it all by myself. (湖北襄阳)
A. Somebody B. Everybody
C. Nobody D. Anybody
10. This work needs close teamwork. _____will be achieved unless we work well together. (江苏苏州)
A. Nothing B. Anything
C. Something D. Everything
11.―Look,_____ is dancing under the tree.
―Oh,that’s my cousin,Anna.(浙江温州)
A. everybody B. anybody
C. nobody D. somebody
【考点五】考查代词one,it,that,those
one 泛指上文提到过的同类人或事物中的一个单数名词;it特指代上文提到过的单数名词或不可数名词,也可指代无法确认性别的人,it可以用作形式主语或形式宾语,代替作真正主语或真正宾语的动词不定式或从句;that 特指上文出现过的单数名词或不可数名词;those指代上文出现过的复数名词,相当于 the ones。
【考题链接】
12. Do you have toys? I’d like to buy _____ for my cousin. (河北省)
A. it B. one C. this D. that
13. I can’t find my ticket. I think I must have lost _____. (浙江杭州)
A. it B. one C. this D. them
14. Bill thought _____ necessary to work with friends and share different ideas. (甘肃兰州)
A. it B. they C. them D. him
15.―The cars made in Germany are more expensive than _____ made in Japan.
―Yes,you are right. But I think they’re much better. (内蒙古呼和浩特)
A. those B. that C. ones D. it
【考点六】考查all,both,either,neither,none
1.both,either和neither皆表示两者,可作主语、宾语和定语,both还可作同位语。both意为“两者都”,neither意为“两者都不”,either意为“两者中任意一个”,它们都可与of构成短语。
2.all和none表示三者或三者以上。all意为“全、都”,表肯定。none意为“一个没有”,表否定。all可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;none可作主语、宾语和同位语,但不能作定语。all和none都可与of构成短语;all和both与not连用时表示部分否定。
【考题链接】
16. You can take _____ of the two toy cars and leave the other for your brother. (安徽省)
A. both B. none C. either D. neither
17.―Would you like tea or coffee?
―_____,thanks! I’d prefer a Coke. (广东广州)
A. Both B. Neither C. All D. Some
18. Old Mr. Black lives happily with his three dogs. _____ of them are part of his family. (上海市)
A. Both B. All C. None D. Neither
【考点七】考查不定代词some ,any
一般来说some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句或疑问句中。但 some 也可用于疑问句中,表示一种客气的请求或希望得到对方肯定的答复。
【考题链接】
19.―Is there _____ beef in the fridge?
―No,there aren’t. There is _____ pork. (天津市)
A. some;any B. any;any
C. some;some D. any;some
【考点八】考查other,the other,another,others,the others
other用作代词,与the连用构成“the other”,特指两个人或物中的“另一个”,常与one搭配构成“one ...,the other ...”句型;others是other 的复数形式,泛指“另外的人或物”,常与some搭配构成“some ....,others ...”句型;the others特指某范围内的“其他人或物”;another意为“另一个”。
【考点九】考查疑问代词和关系代词
疑问代词对人或物提出疑问,构成特殊疑问句,用在特殊疑问句的句首。疑问代词还可用来引导宾语从句。初中阶段,我们所学的疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which。
关系代词是用来引述前面已经提过的名词或代词的一类词,常用来引导定语从句。它主要有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom和whose在定语从句中都用来指人,其中whom在句中作宾语,which 只指物,that 既可指人也可指物。
【考题链接】
20.I like the writers are popular among teenagers. (四川成都)
A. who B. which C. whom
21.―I didn’t see you last night. Where did you go?
―I went to see a movie called Coming Home _____ was directed by Zhang Yimou. (甘肃兰州)
A. who B. whom C. when D. which
22. Tommy couldn’t stop thinking about the boy _____ made him a fool in front of the whole class. (山东潍坊)
那和哪的区别主要有:
那:
1、做指示代词,一般与第三人谈论时用,用来指明较远些的人或事物,比如:我要买那个。
2、做修饰语,用来描述远些的人或事物,比如:旁边那个人怎么样。
哪:
1、做疑问代词,一般用语问句中,比如:哪个是你要要的。
2、修饰中心词,比如:你指的是哪个人。那虽然不是疑问代词也可用于疑问句中,比如:那个人你认识吗。但是它不能直接引起疑问。所以,区别在于词性,一个是疑问代词,可直接引起疑问,那一个则不能。
(来源:文章屋网 )
一、考查人称代词的主格和宾格
人称代词主格(I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they)作主语,宾格(me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them)作及物动词或介词的宾语,即通常所说的“动词宾语”和“介词宾语”。
【中考真题】
1.(2012年潍坊卷)My first teacher, Ms. Yao, was very strict with .
A. usB. we
C. ourD. ours
2.(2012年重庆卷)Reading more helps learn better.
A. weB. our
C. usD. ours
3.(2012年济南卷)―Is your brother running in the park?
―No, is swimming in the river.
A. sheB. his
C. herD. he
4.(2012年绵阳卷)Everyone in the hall knew me, but I did not know .
A. himB. her
C. themD. those
二、考查形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词
形容词性物主代词具有形容词的功能,在名词之前作定语;名词性物主代词具有名词的功能,相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。
形容词性物主代词: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
名词性物主代词: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs
【中考真题】
.(2012年福州卷)―ere is a schoolbag. Whose is it?
―Oh, its . hank you.
A. myB. mineC. me
6.(2012年宁波卷)―Is this your notebook?
―No, it isnt. e is looking for .
A. mineB. yours
C. hersD. his
7.(2012年永州卷)With help, we finished our work on time.
A. theyB. themC. their
8.(2012年株洲卷)he students are helping the old man clean house now.
A. herB. himC. his
9.(2012年南充卷)―Is this your edictionary?
―No, is in the backpack.
A. mineB. yoursC. my
10.(2012年十堰卷)Mary and Gina are my cousins. father works in Dongfeng Company.
A. heirB. hey
C. hemD. heirs
11.[CM(16*2](2012年咸宁卷)―Are these CDs?
―No, they are not mine. hey belong to .
A. your; herB. yours; her
C. you; hersD. yours; she
12.(2012年上海卷)We have decided to try best to raise more money for the local charity.
A. usB. our
C. weD. ours
三、考查反身代词
单数反身代词有: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself;复数反身代词有: ourselves, yourselves, themselves。反身代词在句中常用作宾语、表语、同位语。在 enjoy oneself(玩得开心), help oneself to(随便用/吃……), kill oneself(自杀), lose oneself in(陶醉于……), express oneself(自我表达), introduce oneself(自我介绍), talk to oneself(自言自语), learn by oneself(自学)等固定短语中作及物动词或介词的宾语。
【中考真题】
13.(2012年广安卷)―Who taught you Japanese?
―Nobody, I learned it by .
A. myselfB. myC. me
14.(2012年河北卷)Dont worry about me. Im old enough to think for .
A. himselfB. herself
C. yourselfD. myself
1.(2012年宿迁卷) Peter enjoyed at his party last night.
A. heB. him
C. himselfD. his
四、考查复合不定代词
复合不定代词something, everything, anything, nothing 等表示事物; somebody, everybody, anybody, nobody, everyone, no one等表示人。这些复合不定代词都作单数,可作主语、宾语或表语。一般来说,something, somebody, everything, everybody 用于肯定句,anything, anybody 用于否定句、疑问句或条件状语从句;nothing, nobody, no one 本身具有否定意义,不与 not 连用。此外,形容词修饰复合不定代词时,通常后置。
【中考真题】
16.(2012年重庆卷)here must be wrong with the clock. It doesnt work.
A. nothingB. something
C. everythingD. anything
17.(2012年杭州卷)You look worried! Is all right?
A. everythingB. something
C. anythingD. nothing
18.(2012年武汉卷)When the Greens moved into the house last week, was at sixes and sevens, so they did a big cleaning.
A. somethingB. everything
C. anythingD. nothing
19.(2012年上海卷)I cant connect my computer to the Internet. here must be wrong with it.
A. somethingB. everything
C. anythingD. nothing
20.(2012年岳阳卷)―What else do you need for your trip?
― else. Ive packed everything.
A. SomethingB. Everything
C. Nothing
五、 考查替代词[WZ]one, it, that, those[WBZ]
one泛指上文提到过的同类人或事物中的一个单数名词; it指代上文提到过的单数名词或不可数名词,也指代无法确认性别的人,it可以用作形式主语或形式宾语,代替作真正主语或真正宾语的动词不定式或从句,常见的句式有:It is +[WBX]adj[WBZ].+to do sth. 和find it +[WBX]adj[WBZ].+to do sth.;that 特指上文出现过的单数名词或不可数名词;those指代上文出现过的复数名词,相当于the ones。
【中考真题】
21.(2012年白银卷)Dont you think necessary for friends to trust eachother?
A. oneB. that
C. thoseD. it
22.(2012年河北卷)Could you record the football game for me? I can watch later.
A. itB. one
C. thisD. that
23.(2012年包头卷)As for learning English, students who read a lot can do much better than who dont.
A. thoseB. that
C. theseD. them
24.(2012年龙东卷) important us to eat a balanced diet.
A. Its; forB. hats; for
C. Its; to
六、考查[WZ]all, both, either, neither, none
both, either和neither皆表示两者,作主语、宾语和定语,both还可作同位语。both意为“两者都”,neither意为“两者都不”,either意为“两者中任意一个”,它们都可与of构成短语。
all和none表示三者或三者以上。all意为“全、都”,表肯定,none意为“一个没有”,表否定。all作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;none可作主语、宾语和同位语,但不作定语。all作主语时,指人看作复数,指物看作单数;none作主语时,看作单复数皆可;all和none都可与of构成短语;all和both与not连用表示部分否定。
【中考真题】
2.(2012年咸宁卷)―Do you like talking with your friends on the telephone or mobile phone?
―. I enjoy chatting online.
A. NeitherB. Either
C. BothD. None
26.(2012年随州卷)―Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?
―, thanks. Id like just a cup of tea.
A. EitherB. Neither
C. BothD. None
27.(2012年襄阳卷)―Did Liu Ying and Liu Li come to your birthday party, Gina?
―I had invited them, but of them showed up.
A. bothB. all
C. noneD. neither
28.(2012年绍兴卷)I have lived in New York and London but I dont like city. I like Sydney.
A. anotherB. either
C. neitherD. any
29.(2012年乐山卷)If you cant decide which of the two books to borrow, why dont you take ? I wont read them this week.
A. allB. eitherC. both
30.(2012年天津卷)hey were all very tired, but of them took a rest.
A. noneB. all
C. bothD. either
31.(2012年大连卷)Lingling and Betty are great. of them have been chosen to enter the maths competition.
A. NoneB. Neither
C. AllD. Both
七、考查不定代词some, any
some(一些), any(一些、任何)既可以修饰可数名词也可以修饰不可数名词。一般来说some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句或疑问句中。但 some 也可用于疑问句中,表示一种客气的请求或希望得到对方肯定的答复。
【中考真题】
32.(2012年黄石卷) Let me tell you news about cellphones(手机)―Apple asks Samsung to stop copying, and hundreds of people lined up to buy iPhone 4S.
A. aB. many
C. someD. few
33.(2012年贵阳卷)Its polite to take flowers as a gift when you go to visit a friend.
A.littleB. anyC. some
[WZ]八、考查other, the other, another, others, the others
other用作代词,与the连用构成“the other”,特指两个人或物中的“另一个”,常与one搭配构成“one the other”句型。
others是other 的复数形式,泛指“另外的人或物”,常与some搭配构成“some others”句型。
the others特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
another作代词,意为“另一个”;作形容词,修饰名词,意为“另一”。another不和复数形式连用,但是后面附加two, three等的数词或是few时,可与复数形式连用。
【中考真题】
34.(2012年济宁卷)Lily and her sister look the same. I cant tell one from .
A. otherB. another
C. the otherD. others
3.(2012年恩施卷)―Would you like to have cake?
―No, thanks. Im full.
A. moreB. another
C. other
36.(2012年南平卷)―ave you finished your work yet?
―No, not yet. Itll take me ten minutes.
A. otherB. another
C. the other
[WZ]九、考查little和a little;few和a few
a little意为“有一点”,little意为“不多、几乎没有”,little和a little用于修饰不可数名词,也可替代不可数名词,作主语时谓语动词用单数。
a few意为“有几个”, few意为“不多、几乎没有”,few和a few用于修饰复数名词,也可替代复数名词,作主语时谓语动词用复数。
【中考真题】
37.(2012年沈阳卷)We need some more coffee. here is only left.
A. too manyB. too much
C. a littleD. a few
[WZ]十、考查many和much[WBZ]
many和much都表示“多”的概念。many只修饰可数名词复数;much只修饰不可数名词。
【中考真题】
38.(2012年温州卷)My cousins have collected stamps for two years. hey have stamps from different countries.
A. fewB. many
C. muchD. little
39.(2012年南昌卷)Its easy to find a good hotel in our city because we have of them here.
A. noneB. few
C. manyD. each
40.(2012年宁夏卷)e takes little, but gives .
A. fewB. little
C. muchD. many
十一、考查疑问代词和关系代词
疑问代词对人或物提出疑问,构成特殊疑问句,用在特殊疑问句的句首;疑问代词可用来引导宾语从句,用陈述句语序。初中阶段,我们所学的疑问代词有who, whom, whose, what和which。
关系代词是用来引述前面已经提过的名词或代词的一类词,常用来引导定语从句。它主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom和whose在定语从句中都用来指人,其中whom在句中作宾语,which 只指物,that 既可指人也可指物。
【中考真题】
41.(2012年滨州卷)― is your father?
―A bank clerk. e works in a bank near my home.
A. WhereB. ow
C. WhatD. Which
42.(2012年枣庄卷)Robert is just one young overseas Chinese has come to visit his ancestors homeland.
A. whoB. where
C. whenD. which
43.(2012年衢州卷)―What are you looking for?
―Im looking for the pen my father gave me last week.
A. whoB. which
C. whoseD. whom
44.(2012年绵阳卷)I can never forget the stories my grandma told me.
A. whatB. who
C. themD. that
4.(2012年随州卷)―here are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister?
―he one hat is yellow.
A. whoB. whose
C. thatD. which
[K]参考答案
1~ ACDCB6~10 DCCAA
11~1 BBADC16~20 BABAC
21~2 DAAAA26~30 BDBCA
古代汉语代词者的用法人称代词,指示代词、疑问代词,无定代词和辅代词五种,界限并不明确,彼此有交叉,人称代词又分第一、第二和第三人称,如:吾、余、予、我、朕、尔、汝、若、乃、而、彼和其。
疑问代词分指人、指物、指处所,如:谁、孰、何、胡和奚。
(来源:文章屋网 )
[经典试题] 1.―Do you know about David?
―Yes,I know _______ very well.
(2008年武汉中考题)
A. heB. himselfC. himD. his
[试题精析] 分析句子结构可知,横线部分在句中做动词know的宾语。通常人称代词的宾格形式可以在句中作宾语,因此本题答案为C。
[知识储备] 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语,宾格在句子中作宾语或表语。不同的人称代词在一起使用时,一般排列顺序为:
单数:you and I;you and he;he and I;you,he,and I (可记为“二、三、一”)
复数:we and you;we and they;you and they;we,you and they (可记为“一、二、三”)
2. 物主代词
[经典试题] It isn’t _______ watch. I left mine at home.
(2009年北京中考题)
A. my B. me C. I D. myself
[试题精析] 横线后的名词提示我们此处要填形容词性的物主代词,因此本题选A。
[知识储备] 人称代词分为:
主格 I you he she it we they
宾格 me you him her it us them
物主代词分为:
形容词性物主代词my,your,his,her,its,our,their,它们在句中作定语,后面需跟名词;名词性物主代词 mine,yours,his,hersits,ours,theirs,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。
3. 反身代词
[经典试题]―What a lovely card! Where did you buy it?
―I made it by _______. (2008年福州中考题)
A. me B. himself C. myself D. itself
[试题精析]根据句意可知“我自己做了这张可爱的卡片”,因此本题选C。
[知识储备]反身代词有:单数myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself;复数ourselves,yourselves,themselves。反身代词作“自己”解,常用在buy,enjoy,help,hurt,teach,wash,look after等动词后作宾语,表示动作回到主语本身,即句子的主语和宾语是同一人或物。
4. 疑问代词
[经典试题]There is a red car parking in our neighborhood. Do you know_______ it is?( 2008年重庆中考题)
A. what B. who C. whose D. whom
[试题精析]句意为“有一辆红色汽车停在附近,你知道它是谁的吗?”四个选项中只有whose可以对物主代词或名词所有格提问,因此本题选C。
[知识储备]常用的疑问代词有what,how,when(问时间),where(问地点),whose(问物主),which(问那一个),who(问人),其中what和how可提问的内容最为广泛。疑问代词一般放在句首,用来构成特殊疑问句,或用来引导从句,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。
5.指示代词
[经典试题]The pears in my basket are smaller than _______ in Jim’s.
(2005年黑龙江中考题)
A. it B. that C. ones D. those
[试题精析]句意为“我篮子里的梨子比吉姆篮子里的梨子小”。横线上的词指代前面提到过的pears,因此可以排除选项A和B。ones前通常要加定冠词the,因此本题选D。
[知识储备]指示代词有:this / these;that / those
1. this / these一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或物;而that / those常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。
2. 在打电话时,that常用来询问对方是“谁”,this则用来介绍自己是“谁”。
6. 不定代词
常见的不定代词有:some/ any;each/every;none/ no;all/both;many,much,a lot (of),lots(of),plenty of;a great number of;another/other(s) /the other (s);neither/either;few,a few /little,a little;one (s);nothing,something,everything,somebody等。
[经典试题]―Do you like the pop star Zhou Jielun or the movie star Liu Dehua?
―_______. I am not their fan. ( 2007年重庆中考题)
A. BothB. EitherC. NeitherD. All
[试题精析]根据答语中的I am not their fan可知横线上的词表示对两者的否定,因此本题选C。
[知识储备] both表示“两者都”;either表示“两者当中的任何一个”;neither表示“两者都不”;all表示“三者或三者以上都”。
代词精练
单项选择
()1. Mr Zhang teaches _______ English.
A. we B. our C. us D. ourselves
()2. I can’t find my MP3. I have to buy a new _______.
A. it B. one C. few D. any
()3. Tom’s card is much more beautiful than _______.
A. ourB. their C. mine D. her
()4. Would you please buy some salt for me?There is _______ left.
A. little B. a littleC. few D. a few
()5. It snowed heavily this morning,but _______ of us was late for school.
A. bothB. all C. none D. no
()6. If this dictionary is not yours,_______ can it be?
A. what elseB. who elseC. which else’s D. who else’s
()7. The weather in Guangdong is much warmer than _______ in Beijing.
A. itB. that C. this D. one
()8. He found _______ hard to sleep in such a noisy night.
A. thisB. that C. it D. one
()9. Her parents _______ went to Shanghai last Sunday.
A. bothB. all C. neitherD. either
()10. I learned English all by_______.
人称代词有主格和宾格之分。主格在句中作主语,宾格在句中作宾语(作动词和介词的宾语)或表语。人称代词的构成形式如下:
【中考真题】1. Everyone in the hall knew me, but I did not know .(2012年绵阳卷)
A. him B. her C. them D. those
2. — Is your brother running in the park?
-No, is swimming in the river. (2012年济南卷)
A. she B. his C. her D. he
二、考查物主代词
物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。1)形容词性物主代词只能用作定语修饰名词;2)名词性物主代词不能与名词连用,可单独用作主语、宾语、表语等。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词。其形式见下表:
【中考真题】3. Would you please lend me English book? isn’t here. (2012年安顺卷)
A. your;I B. you;My
C. yours;Mine D. your;Mine
4. This isn’t____ football. Tom, You left at school. (2012年黔东南州卷)
A. you;your B. your;yours
C. yours;your D. your;you
三、考查反身代词
反身代词可在句中作宾语、表语、同位语。反身代词也有单、复数之分,要根据句子的意思判断是用单数还是复数。当反身代词用作宾语时,常用于下列搭配中:enjoy oneself, help oneself to..., teach oneself, all by oneself, learn...by oneself 等。
【中考真题】5. I guess Peter and his sister Sally enjoyed
at the dancing party. (2012年孝感卷)
A. myself B. himself C. herself D. themselves
6. -Jack ,who helped make the model ship?
-Nobody! I made it all by . (2012年六盘水卷)
A. your;my B. your;mine
C. you;myself D. you;mine
四、考查不定代词
不定代词是最难掌握的一项。考点主要是各自的意义、用法以及形容词修饰复合不定代词的后置情况。不定代词主要有:some, any, (a) few, (a) little, another, other(s), all, both, either, neither, none以及由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词。
some与any意为“一些”,都可用来修饰可数名词的复数形式或不可数名词。some用于肯定句,any用于疑问句或否定句。注意:在表示请求、建议或盼望得到肯定回答的疑问句中用some。如:Would you like some coffee?
few,a few 修饰或替代可数名词的复数形式,如a few people;little,a little修饰或替代不可数名词,如a little water。few,little含有否定意义,意为“几乎没有……”;a few,a little含有肯定意义,意为“一些……;一点……”。
other意为“别的;其他的”,常用作形容词,多修饰复数名词,如other students(其他学生);“other+复数名词”相当于others。others只作代词,泛指别的人或物,常用于“some...others...”结构,意为“一些……,另一些……。”another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的一个;the other指已知的两个人或物中的另一个,常用于“one...,the other...”结构,意为“一个……,另一个……。”
all表示“三者或三者以上都”,both表示“两者都”,二者一般用在be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,行为动词之前,且二者后面可接of短语。如:All of them agree to stay here./ Both plans are good. (两架飞机都很好。)either指两者之中的一个,neither指两个人或物中一个也不,常构成固定搭配either/neither of +名词(代词)的复数+谓语动词(第三人称单数)。如:Neither of the books is good.(两本书都不好。)复合不定代词something,somebody,someone通常用于肯定句中,anything,anybody,anyone通常用于否定句和疑问句中。注意:在表示请求、建议、反问等疑问句中,问话者往往希望得到肯定的答复,这时someone,somebody,something可用在疑问句中。
区分it,one,that的用法。it一般用来指代前面提到过的那个人或物(同类同物);one表示泛指,指前面提到过的那类人或物中的任何一个,其复数形式是ones(同类不同物);that常用于比较结构中,代替前面提到的名词,以避免重复。如:The weather today is hotter than that yesterday in Changsha.
【中考真题】7 .There were only two paintings for sale and he bought . (2012年北京卷)
A. all B. any C. both D. some
8. -Which basketball player do you like best, Kobe, James or Jordan? (2012年广东卷)
- of them. Lin Shuhao is my favorite.
A. All B. None C. Either D. Neither
9. -Would you like to have coffee?
-No, thanks. I don’t want drinks now.(2012年安顺卷)
A. any;any B. any;some
C. some;some D. some;any
10. -Is your father or mother a teacher?
. My father is a doctor and my mother is an office worker. (2012年荆州卷)
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None
11. When the Greens moved into the house last week,
was at sixes and sevens, so they did a big cleaning.(2012年武汉卷)
A. something B. everything C. anything D. nothing
12. -Will you go to the London Olympic Games with your sister?
-Dad can only afford one ticket, so of us has to stay at home. (2012年宜昌卷)
A. either B. all C. both D. neither
13. -Have you bought for Linda’s birthday?
-Not exactly. Just some flowers. (2012年连云港卷)
A. something unusual B. anything unusual
C. unusual something D. unusual anything
14. -Could we see each other at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning?
-Sorry, let’s make it time. (2012年苏州卷)
A. other’s B. the other C. another D. other
15.-A latest Yangzhou Daily, please!
-Only one copy left. Would you like to have , sir? (2012年扬州卷)
A. one B. it C. this D. that
16.-Do you need a new dictionary, Susan?
-No, Mum. My uncle bought me yesterday. (2012年菏泽卷)
A. one B. it C. the one D. another
17.-There is milk in the fridge. Please buy some on your way home.
-All right.(2012年宿迁卷)
A. much B. many C. little D. few
一、课堂导入
教师读句子,让学生听并复述
1. she is the girl who has blue eyes.
2. I love this English teacher whose eyes are blue.
3. A telephone is an invention which can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feeling freely.
4. I like this person that has 3 story books
5. This is the office where he worked.
6. I don’t know the reason why he came so late.
二、复习预习
教师引导学生复习上节课所学的反意疑问句,包括反意疑问句的形式,祈使句的反意疑问句,there be句型的反意疑问句等, (以提问、回顾的形式进行),针对上节课的作业进行讲评、订正、答疑,并通过对反意疑问句具体用法的分析和扩展导入本节课所要学习的定语从句。
三、知识讲解
知识点1:定语从句的概念和先行词
1. 【考查点】在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。(而在一个句子中充当整个句子的宾语的句子叫做宾语从句)
如:I love this English teacher whose eyes are blue. (定语从句)
我爱眼睛是蓝色的这位英语老师
I don’t know (宾语从句)
我不知道你怎样才能到达那个公园。
2. 【考查点】被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
如:A friend is someone who says, "What! You too? I thought I was the only one!”
A Wechat (微信) is an invention which can help people talk to friends, share photos, ideas and feeling freely.
知识点2:定语的关系词~关系代词
1.【考查点】既能指物也能指人的关系代词 that,whose。
如: ① I like this person that has 3 story books. (先行词是人person)
②先行词是物book)
①(先行词是teacher)
②先行词是dog)
2、【考查点】只能用来指代人的关系词who, whom.
如:Is he the man who wants to see you?
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
3、【考查点】只能指代物的关系词which。
如:A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
4、【考查点】关系词在句子中充当的成分。
如:1、(who/that在从句中作主语)
他就是你想见的人吗?
2、他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
3、作宾语) which / that在句中(
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。
4、((只用作定语)
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(注:当上题先行词指物时它还可以同of which互换)
如:Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书
知识点3:关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词when, where, why可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
【考查点】关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
知识点4:关系词的选择取决于从句中的谓语动词
1.【考查点】 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
如: This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
四、例题精析
【例题1】
【题干】Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, ________ from east to west. Those ________ run from north to south are called avenues.
A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that
【答案】A
【解析】: 主语与run(延伸)是主动关系,所以用现在分词。Those指街道,所以不用
来引导定语从句。 who而用that
【题干】Is this research center ________ you visited the modern equipment last year?
A. where B. that C. the one that D. the one where
【答案】:D
【解析】:将疑问句改为陈述句:this research center is…显然缺少先行词,必须加上代词the one来作先行词,又因定语从句不缺主语或宾语,所以用关系副词where。假若在this后加the,就选where,请想想这是为什么。
【题 干】
The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point ________ he can walk correctly and safely.
A. when B. where C. which D. whose
【答案】:B
【解析】 因为表示“阶段、程度、地步”的the point在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用语从句。 where引导定
【题干】
—How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?
—Oh, that’s easy. I surfed the Internet and then called one ________ the telephone number is provided
A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose
【答案】:C 【解析】:因为of which引导定语从句,并在从句中作定语。of which the telephone number = whose telephone number。
五、课堂运用
【基础】
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. Which B. where
【答案】A
【解析】:which用作关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
【答案】C.
【解析】"和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词,作介词to的宾语,可以省略。
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
【答案】
【解析】是关系副词,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。 D. where
4.Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
【答案】. C.
【解析】
是关系副词,表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。 when
【巩固】
5.That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
【答案】A.
【解析】 which是关系代词,在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
6.The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
【答案】C.
【解析】which是关系代词,在从句中作visit的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
7.Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
【答案】 A.
【解析】where是关系副词,表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
【拔高】
8.This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
【答案】A.
【解析】本句话的先行词应该是films,因此,关系代词that是负数概念,其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the,则the one应该视为先行词。
9.Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
【答案】A.
【解析】“谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词,其后要用which作宾语,不能用that。
10.The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
结构:一个陈述句+肯定(否定)疑问形式。
语调:有疑而问读升调,明知故问读降调。
规律:应遵循前肯后否,前否后肯规律。
注:疑问形式中的主语应转为原主语相应的代词形式,结构及时态应对应。
一. 一般情况反义疑问句由be,情态动词,助动词+主语构成;
例1. You can’t swim,can you?
例2. He told me it,didn’t he?
例3. You are coming,aren’t you?
例4. She knows you,doesn’t she?
二. 当陈述句中有标书否定的hardly,seldom,never,little few,scareely,rarely等词时,反义疑问句应为肯定结构。
例5.He seldom smokes,does he?
例6.Their parents hardly wrote their names before liberation ,did they?
三. 带宾语从句的反义疑问句的主语与陈述句主语一致,而主句为I think,I suppose,I believe时,附加疑问句与从句的主语一致。
例7.I suppose you aren’t serious,are you?
例8.I think he will come in an hour,won’t he?
例9.You think you’re funny,do you?
四. 当表示一种推断,惊讶,愤怒,讥讽等感彩时,反义疑问句不表示反意。
例10.You are late,are you? (表推断)
例11.So she likes her job,does she? (表惊讶)
五.当陈述句为I,谓语动词am时,反义疑问句结构常为aren’t I .
例12.I am good at playing basketball,aren’t I ?
例13. I am doing very well ni English ,aren’t I ?
六. 当陈述部分为There be 结构时,反义疑问句仍用there 作引导词,而不用it.
例14.There is a pan on the stove,isn’t there ?
例15.There isn’t anyone in the classroom,is there ?
七.当陈述部分主语为表示人的no one, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody,nobody等不定代词时,其反义疑问句的主语为they或he.当陈述部分主语为表示物的something, anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时,其反义疑问句的主语应为it.
例16.Somebody has taken my pen,haven’t they ?
例17.No one knows what to do,do they ?
例18.Something must be done to end the strike,must’t it ?
例19.Everything goes well,does’t it ?
八.当陈述部分为each of 结构表示全体时,反义疑问句的主语可以用we ,you或they,表示全体的个体时用be.
例20.Each of the students gave an English book,didn’t they?
例21.Each of us had a try,didn’t we ?
例22.Each of the winners was given a pair of sports shoes,wasn’t he ?
九.当陈述部分为肯定祈使句时,其反义疑问句可用will you或won’t you,但当陈述部分为否定祈使句时,则反义疑问句只能用will you.
例23.Don’t be late,will you ?
例24.Have a little more coke,will you?
Let型祈使句包括说话,听话双方则反义疑问句为shall we,指听话一方时则用will you.
例25.Let’s go home, shall we ? (双方)
例26. Let him alone,will you ?(一方)
[关键词]功能语言学;句子的功能;疑问句
汉语语法学家一般区分四种不同的句型:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。这可称为句子的语用功能分类。刘月华等根据交际功能的不同把句子分为五种,即陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、呼应句,其中,疑问句提出疑问,它的功能是获得信息。齐沪扬认为疑问句具有疑问语调。本文以英语功能语言学为指导,根据疑问句的构造特点,指出疑问句可以分为是非问句、特指问句、选择问句、正反问句。
一、是非问旬
(一)句末带疑问语气词“吗”的是非问句
这种疑问句是在一个陈述句的末尾加上升调的疑问语气词“吗”。
(1)他是东北人吗?
(2)安娜没给家里打电话吗?
回答带“吗”的是非问句时,可以用“是的”
“对”“对了”“嗯”或“不”“没有”等表示对问句的肯定或否定。不论问句是肯定句还是否定句,只要答话的人同意问句所表达的意思,就用“是的”“对了”“嗯”等;如果不同意问句所表达的意思,就用“不”“没有”等。例如:
(3)A:小李不去北海划船吗?
B:嗯,他不去北海划船。/不,他去北海划船。
(4)A:安娜没给家里打电话吗?
B:对了,她没有给家里打电话。/不,她给家里打电话了。
(二)句末带“好吗”“行吗”“成吗”“对吗”“可以吗”等疑问成分的是非问句
这种疑问句是在一个陈述句的末尾加上成吗、对吗、好吗、可以吗、行吗等,成、对、好、可以、行表示赞同,升调的疑问语气词吗表示疑问,二者合在一起,表示征求被问者的赞同,因此这种问句带有商量、推测的口气。肯定的回答用成、对、好、可以、行,否定的回答在这些词前面加不。
(三)句末带疑问语气词“吧”的是非问句
这种疑问句是在一个陈述句的末尾加上降调的疑问语气词“吧”。“吧”表示有一定把握的提问,带有推测和探询的口气,例如:
(1)你星期天能来吧?
(2)现在快十点了吧?
(四)不带疑问语气词。句尾是升调的疑问句
一个陈述句只要句尾是升调,就可以构成疑问句。这种疑问句对语境的依赖性很强,一般包含惊讶,怀疑的成份,例如:
(1)这么大的风雪,丢下羊群回家去?不能!
(2)小张没来?
二、特指问旬
特指问是指说话人就某一方面提出问题,要求听话人作出回答。句中一定有疑问代词,特指问句中常用的疑问代词是“谁”“哪一个”“什么”“哪里”“哪儿”“怎样”“怎么样”“怎么”等,疑问代词问什么,听话人就答什么。
(一)一般特指问句
一般特指问句是用疑问代词提问的疑问句。这种问句的词序与陈述句一样,提问句子的哪一个成分,就把疑问代词放在那个成分的位置上。特指问句不能做简单的肯定或否定回答,一般得具体回答。如:
(1)谁是你们的体育老师?
(2)他们病怎么样了?
(3)他在哪儿?
(4)玛丽是哪个班哪个学生?
(5)他什么时候回国?
(6)这个句子怎么分析?
(7)她学得怎么样?
(8)他们工厂有多少人?
(9)考试以前,你们准备复习几天?
(10)那条公路的多长?
(二)用语气助词的特指问句
刘月华只提出了用語气助词“呢”的特指问句。他认为在一个词,短语或句子后面用上语气助词“呢”就可以构成这种疑问句。作为始发句,“呢”用在名词、代词名词短语之后是问外所的,既“……在哪儿?”的意思。例如:
(1)他人呢?
如果有上下文,可根据上下文判断疑问所在例如:
(2)窗户已经擦干净了,地板呢?
(地板擦干净了没有?)
如果“呢”用在一个陈述句之后意思是“如果……,那么应该怎么办(做什么)?”例如:
(3)他不同意呢?(如果他不同意,那么我该怎么办呢?)
齐沪扬认为特指问如果用语气词,只能用“呢”和“啊”,不能用“吗”和“啊”,不能用“吗”和“吧”,因为疑问代词已表示疑问。如:
(1)他们在哪儿干什么呢?
(2)他们在哪儿干什么啊?
(3)他们在哪儿干什么呀?
(4)他们在哪儿干什么吗?
(5)他们在哪儿干什么吧?
根据齐沪扬的观点,有的句子在形式上是特指问句,实际上是一种反问句,用疑问句的形式来表达肯定的或否定的陈述,并不要求回答。这种句子的疑问代词是表示不定指或任指的,要把这种句子和真正的特指问句区分开来。如:
(1)什么地方不能随便睡一夜呢?(哪个地方都可以睡一夜)
(2)这样的蠢事谁肯干?(这样的蠢事没人肯干)
三、选择问句
选择问是问话人提出两种以上的看法,希望听话人选择一种回答。这种疑问句是把要选择的两种或几种可能用“是……还是”或“还是……还是”连接起来,要求答话的人选择其中之一作为答案。注意两点:第一,一切疑问句的句末都要用问号;第二,选择问句如果用语气词,只能用“呢”,不能用“吗”。
(1)你将来是去北京工作还是去上海工作。
(2)你吃米饭还是吃面条?
(3)今天是星期六,还是星期天?
(4)今天是星期六,还是星期天吗?
四、正反问句
正反问句用肯定和否定相叠的方式来提问,要求做出肯定或否定的回答。基本格式是“×不×”。肯定否定并用是一种疑问方式,句末不再用“吗”,可用“呢”、“啊”语气助词。齐沪扬和刘月华都将正反问句分为三类,即一般正反问句,“是不是”正反问句和用“好不好”,“成不成”,“行不行”,“对不对”构成的正反问句。
(1)一般正反问句。这种疑问句主要是由谓语的肯定形式和否定形式并列起来构成的,要回答的人选择其中一个作为回答。如:
①香山的枫叶红了没有?
②这件衣服你中意不中意?
③能不能帮我一下忙?
这个格式须注意“×不×”的变化形式。“×不×”其实代表了六种变化的形式。
A“×……不×……”你知道这件事不知道这件事?
B“×不×……”你知道不知道这件事?
c“×……不×”你知道这件事不知道?
D“×……不”你知道这件事不?
E“×不”你知道不?
F“×不×”他路得快不快?
(2)用“是不是”的正反问句。如果提问的人对某一事实或情况已有比较肯定地估计,为了进一步得到证实,就可以用这种疑问句提问。如:
①大家是不是分头找人?
②你到底是不是医生?(你到底是医生不是?)
“是不是”的位置有固定和移动的水同,可以用在一个陈述句的谓语前,也可以用在句首或句尾。如:
③是不是他昨天来过?
④他是不是昨天来过?
⑤他昨天是不是来过?
⑥他昨天来过,是不是?
(3)用“好不好”“成不成”“行不行”“对不对”构成的正反问句。“好不好”“成不成”“行不行”“对不对”只能放句尾,不能放句首或谓语前。如:
①我们班和他们班明天下午举行拔河比赛好不好?
②我们班和他们班明天下午好不好举行拔河比赛?
五、反问旬
齐沪扬(2006)认为一般的疑问句都是“有疑而问”,在表达上都有疑问中心。但反问句是一种“无疑而问”的问句,所谓“无疑”,就是齐头并进反问句实际上没有真正的疑问点,不要求对方做出回答,在表达上有一种强调的口气。然而,因为反问句在形式上仍以疑问句的形式出现,所以从语法角度来看,反问句也是一种疑问句。
反问句是从反面发问的,因此句子在字面上是肯定的,意思是否定的;字面上是否定的,意思是肯定的。选择问句用作反问句时,字面上包括正反两面,其实说话人的意思是肯定一面,否定一面。至于肯定哪一面,否定哪一面,必须依靠上下文才能確定,反问句的后面一般用问号,少数情况下问号与感叹号连用。例如:
(1)还想进去看电影,你有票吗?
(2)这么简单的道理,你不懂吗?
从形式上看,上述二例都属于是非问,从表达口气看,第一例是肯定形式的是非问,表达的是否定的口气(你没有票),第二例则相反,表达的是肯定的口气(你应该懂)。又如:
(1)谁笑你了?
(2)这检疫站的好事为什么不做?
例(1)在形式上是肯定形式的特指问,表达否定的口气(没有人笑你),例(2)在形式上是否定形式的特指问,表达肯定的口气,(你应该去做)。下面几例是选择问形式的反问句,表达的口气可以根据上下文的确定:
(1)你是来学习的,还是来玩的?(肯定前一分句:应该来学习的)
(2)你还是说他呢,还是说我?(肯定后一分句:是说我)(同上)
齐沪扬没有对反问句进行分类,而是从形式和语气的角度观察反问句的特点。刘月华从形式的角度对反问句进行了分类,包括是非形式的反问句,特指问形式的反问句,正反问形式的反问句,选择问形式的反问句。此种分类很是繁琐。因为很多是非问,特指问在特定的语境下都可能变成反问句。笔者认为刘月华从形式上对反问句进行分类过于繁琐,只探讨了一些专属于反问句的结构特征。
一、从词法入手
1. 冠词考查分两个方面,一是冠词主语残缺或多余,考生要注意关于含有冠词(不含冠词)的用法以及加冠词与不加冠词的区别,如:in front of与in the front of, in hospital与in the hospital的区别。二是冠词the, a, an (不定冠词和定冠词)之间的相互误用。
2. 名词主要考查单数名词变复数名词,这主要是受东西方文化差异的影响,英语中除了不可数名词和单数名词用单数外,可数名词要用复数形式。
3. 代词主要有人称代词、物主代词、关系代词、反身代词、疑问代词、复合疑问代词、指示代词,要注意代词的各人称之间和单复数之间的误用,关系代词which, that之间的误用,关系代词that与疑问代词what之间的误用,关系代词which与关系副词when, where以及what与how的误用等。
4. 动词是短文改错的重点和难点,因为它涉及到动词的时态和语态误用,非谓语动词的误用(主要是现在分词与过去分词之间的误用,动词不定式符号to的添加,动词原形变成动名词或现在分词的形式等),动词的动作、结果与状态之间的误用(例如:listen与hear;look与see;watch与notice等),以及动词的错用。
5. 形容词与副词主要涉及它们之间的相互误用和它们的比较等级的误用,另外考生应该注意形容词与名词或代词的位置关系,副词与动词的位置关系,以及形容词与副词的位置关系。
6. 连词主要有两类,即并列连词和从属连词,考查点主要是并列连词(分递进式、转折式、选择式和因果式四种)之间的误用(主要是but与so/and之间的误用),从属连词之间的误用以及并列连词与从属连词之间的误用等。
7. 介词主要涉及到相关介词的误用。例如:John went to school through a bridge three times a day. 应将through改为across。
二、从句法入手
A. 一致性问题
1. 主谓一致。如:
What are your favourite sport?
[分析] are改为is。这是对疑问句主谓一致的考查。
Play football not only makes us grow up tall…
[分析] Play改为Playing。动词原形加-ing构成动名词形式,与谓语动词makes一致。
2. 时态一致。如:
It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.
[分析] drove改为drive。连词and连接的是两个并列的动作meet和drive。
They offered me coffee and other drinks. We have a good time talking and laughing.
[分析] have改为had。记述过去发生的事情,用的都是过去时。
Hello, I learn about you from my English teacher.
[分析] learn改为learned。从教师那儿知道,是过去发生的行为,故须用过去时。
My favourite sport is football. I was a member of our school football team.
[分析] was改为am。描述现在的情况,用的是一般现在时。此句也应改为一般现在时。
3. 名词的单复数一致及名词与冠词搭配。如:
He sat down and asked me lots of question.
[分析] question改为questions。question为可数名词,用在lots of后面,应加-s。
We study quite a few subject, such as maths...
[分析] subject改为subjects。a few后面应跟可数名词的复数形式。
He likes playing football and often watches football match on TV.
[分析] match改为matches。经常观看足球赛,足球赛应为复数形式。
She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.
[分析] schoolmate改为schoolmates。此处“同学”为复数概念,应加上-s。
As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.
[分析] 在famous mountain前加a。
4. 代词的性、数一致 。如:
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home .
[分析] his改为their。主语The Smiths用以指代一家人或夫妇俩,后面的代词应该用their。
5. 语意一致。如:
She was smiling but nodding at me.
[分析] but改为and。微笑和点头在语意上是并列的关系。
B. 词义的重叠。如:
Today I visited the Smiths――my first time visit to…
[分析] 这一题是考查英汉不同的表达习惯。汉语的“第一次访问”,英语说my first visit即可,time是多余的。
First, let me tell you something more about myself.
[分析] 作者在这里是第一次向对方介绍自己的情况,不存在更多,故应删去more一词。
Whenever I see them, I often think of my English teacher.
[分析] 此题易受汉语的影响,造成语意上的重叠。“每当我看见它们,我总会想起我的英语教师。”但英语中whenever之后一般不用often。
C. 逻辑关系及习惯用法。如:
I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
[分析] where 改为which。考查定语从句中关系代词与关系副词的用法。此处where应改为which, 因为它在定语从句中作主语。
I’d like to your pen friend.
[分析] 在I’d like to 后加be或become。
It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station.
[分析] 将本句中for改为of。
[例1]
Mary was reading the newspaper. The newspaper say,
“Write a story about what your Mom is the best Mom.
A ten best stories will win a nice present for Mom.
Sending your stories to this newspaper.” Mary
wrote to her Mom, “My Mom loves us. She listens to
our problems. She helps us feel better when we are
sad. Even though she works, she spends times with
Tom, Mike and I each night. She reads to us and
help us with our homework. She is teaching us to be
kindly and to work hard.” Do you think Mom won?
[答案与分析]
1. 该行从事态角度去考虑。首先,newspaper是第三人数单数,谓语动词say不应该是原形;其次,这篇短文以陈述一件事为主,这句应该用一般过去时态,故应将原形动词say改为过去式said。
2. 该行从词语搭配角度去考虑,应将what改为why。这句话的意思是“为什么你妈妈是最好的妈妈”,故what放在这儿是解释不通的。
3. 该行从冠词用法去考虑。“十篇最好的故事”应该是特指,应把A改为定冠词The。
4. 该行从句子结构角度去考虑。祈使句用动词原形。Sending改为Send。
5. 该行从上下文角度去考虑。write to somebody是写给某人,而这句的意思是写有关妈妈的事情。to改为about。
6. 该行没有错误。
7. 该行从词义角度去考虑。time作“时间”解时,是不可数名词,这句的意思就是妈妈每晚都和孩子们共度时光。time去掉-s。
8. 该行属人称代词错用。with是介词,应该用人称代词宾格来充当介词宾语。I改为me。