时间：2022-11-27 11:31:44
开篇：写作不仅是一种记录，更是一种创造，它让我们能够捕捉那些稍纵即逝的灵感，将它们永久地定格在纸上。下面是小编精心整理的12篇英文毕业论文，希望这些内容能成为您创作过程中的良师益友，陪伴您不断探索和进步。
现如今，随着世界文化的相互贯通，英语也已经成为了国际交流语言，那么作为英语专业的你而言是否清楚英文毕业论文致谢应该怎么来撰写呢？下面是学术参考网小编为朋友们搜集整理的英文毕业论文致谢，欢迎阅读！
英语专业毕业论文致谢词
Acknowledgements
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis
2. British English and American English 2
2.1The history of British English 3
2.2 The history of American English 4
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6
3.1 Lexical differences 6
3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7
3.1.2 Differences in verb 7
3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7
3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8
3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9
3.1.3 Different use of function words 9
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11
3.2 Syntactical differences 12
3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13
4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17
6. Conclusion 17
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
1．Introduction
There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:
Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.
Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?
Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.
Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm，might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?
Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.
Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?
Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.
Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.
Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]
We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.
2. British English and American English
Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”
2.1 The History of British English
English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.
Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.
（1）Proto-English （the 5th century AD）[2]
The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.
（2）Old English（AD 450—1100）[2]
The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. （form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic）The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings （is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.）who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.
（3）Middle English（AD 1066-1470）[2]
For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.
（4）Modern English（1500 up to the present）[2]
Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.
English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.
2.2 The history of American English
During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.
The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]
Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English
English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.
3.1 Lexical Differences
Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.
3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms
Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6
Some examples:
Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)
Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)
3.1.2 Differences in Verb
In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).
3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs
The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.
The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).
Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).
In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.
For example,
A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)
B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)
According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:
They’ve got no pride.
I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.
3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses
Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:
British English:[5]
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
American English:[5]
I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?
In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.
"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."
"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]
Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".
Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs
The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]
agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).
appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).
cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).
claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.
protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).
write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).
3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.
British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any
children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.
How many brothers do you have? (AmE)
How many brothers have you? (BrE)
You don’t have much room here. (AmE)
You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)
3.1.3 Different use of function words
Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb
Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.
(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.
Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)
Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)
These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)
These dresses are on sale. (AmE)
He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)
He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)
She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4
She lives just around the corner (AmE).
Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.
At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)
Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)
On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)
(2) Omitting preposition[8]2
In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.
The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)
The new term begins September 1. (AmE)
I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)
I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)
In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.
Is he home? (AmE)
Is he at home? (BrE)
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries，have and go.
No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.
(1)shall
Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:
Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.
Am.E:1)I will tell you later.
2)Shall I drink this now?
2)Should I drink this now?
(2)would[9]2
Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.
However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.
Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.
Try to compare:
Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.
2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.
Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.
2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.
In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:
Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.
2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.
Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.
2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.
(3)used to
“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:
1)He used to go there.(notional verb)
Did he use to go there.(notional verb)
2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)
He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)
(4)ought to[9]6
“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:
Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?
Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?
2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that. 2)You shouldn’t have said that.
In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:
1)Did you ought to say that?
2)You didn’t ought to have said that.
(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”
In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:
One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)
One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]
(1)The omitting of articles
Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:
The swimming pools are open all summer.
I’ll be here all afternoon.
He has been gone all week.
British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,
British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.
However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.
BrE AmE
Go into hospital Go into the hospital
In hospital In the hospital
At university At the university
Sentences are as follows:
Next day, the rain began. (BrE)
The next day, the rain began. (AmE)
In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)
In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)
(2) The position of articles
British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.
3.2 Syntactical differences
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.
3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]
The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:
1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.) (BrE)
2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)
3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)
The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]
Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).
As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.
In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.
In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.
I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)
I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)
I wish I had done it. (AmE)
I wish I would have done it. (BrE)
4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English
Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.
1)Negation
In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.
Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.
In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)
While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.
2)The omission of copula in black English
You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.
Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).
These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]
3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person
there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]
4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something
This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]
5) Altered syntax in questions
Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]
To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:
(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;
(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;
(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;
(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.
However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English
The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.
On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.
6．Conclusion
As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.
The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
[1] 周乐, 美式英语与英式英语比较与分析[J]. 湖南商学院外语系,2008.
[2] Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language
[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655
[4] 王振明和公丽艳，英式英语与美式英语的差异[J]. 山东教育学院学报,2002.
[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm
[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses
[7] 孟宪友，英语与美语的差别对比研究[J]. 广州大学外国语学院英语系,2002.
, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.
, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001
, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007
[11]Wikipedia Contributors
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences
, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007
[13]张振邦,新编语法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993
, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357
[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation
[18] Green, Lisa J., African American English: A Linguistic Introduction[M], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002
一、毕业论文（设计）撰写结构要求
1、题目：应简洁、明确、有概括性，字数不宜超过20个字。
2、摘要：要有高度的概括力，语言精练、明确。同时有中、英文对照，中文摘要约300—400汉字；英文摘要约200—300个实词。
3、关键词：从论文标题或正文中挑选3～5个最能表达主要内容的词作为关键词，同时有中、英文对照，分别附于中、英文摘要后。
4、目录：写出目录，标明页码。
5、正文：
（1）毕业论文正文：包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言（引言）是论文的开头部分，主要说明论文写作的目的、现实意义、对所研究问题的认识，并提出论文的中心论点等。前言要写得简明扼要，篇幅不要太长。
本论是毕业论文的主体，包括研究内容与方法、实验材料、实验结果与分析（讨论）等。在本部分要运用各方面的研究方法和实验结果，分析问题，论证观点，尽量反映出自己的科研能力和学术水平。
结论是毕业论文的收尾部分，是围绕本论所作的结束语。其基本的要点就是总结全文，加深题意。
（2）毕业设计说明书正文包括前言、本论、结论三个部分。
前言（引言）：说明本设计的目的、意义、范围及应达到的技术要求；简述本课题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题；本设计的指导思想；阐述本设计应解决的主要问题。
本论：
①设计方案论证：说明设计原理并进行方案选择。说明为什么要选择这个设计方案（包括各种方案的分析、比较）；阐述所采用方案的特点（如采用了何种新技术、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。
②计算部分：这部分在设计说明书中应占有相当的比例。要列出各零部件的工作条件、给定的参数、计算公式以及各主要参数计算的详细步骤和计算结果；根据此计算应选用什么原器件或零部件；对应采用计算机的设计还应包括各种软件设计。
③结构设计部分：包括机械结构设计、各种电气控制线路设计及功能电路设计、计算机控制的硬件装置设计等，以及以上各种设计所绘制的图纸。
④样机或试件的各种实验及测试情况：包括实验方法、线路及数据处理等。
⑤方案的校验：说明所设计的系统是否满足各项性能指标的要求，能否达到预期效果。校验的方法可以是理论验算（即反推算），包括系统分析；也可以是实验测试及计算机的上机运算等。
结论：概括说明设计的情况和价值，分析其优点和特色、有何创新、性能达到何水平，并应指出其中存在的问题和今后改进的方向。
6、谢辞：简述自己通过做毕业论文（设计）的体会，并应对指导教师和协助完成论文（设计）的有关人员表示谢意。
7、参考文献：在毕业论文（设计说明书）末尾要列出在论文（设计）中参考过的专著、论文及其他资料，所列参考文献应按文中参考或引证的先后顺序排列。
8、注释：在论文（设计说明书）写作过程中，有些问题需要在正文之外加以阐述和说明。
9、附录：对于一些不宜放在正文中，但有参考价值的内容，可编入附录中。例如，公式的推演、编写的算法、语言程序等。
二、毕业论文（设计）撰写格式要求
1、毕业论文一律打印，采取A4纸张，页边距一律采取：上、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行间距取多倍行距（设置值为1.25）；字符间距为默认值（缩放100%，间距：标准），封面采用教学管理部统一规定的封面。
2、字体要求
论文所用字体要求为宋体。
3、字号
第一层次题序和标题用小三号黑体字；第二层次题序和标题用四号黑体字；第三层次及以下题序和标题与第二层次同；正文用小四号宋体。
4、页眉及页码
毕业论文各页均加页眉，采用宋体五号宋体居中，打印“河北大学工商学院XXXX届本科生毕业论文（设计）”。页码从正文开始在页脚按阿拉伯数字（宋体小五号）连续编排，居中书写。
5、摘要及关键词
中文摘要及关键词：“摘要”二字采用三号字黑体、居中书写，“摘”与“要”之间空两格，内容采用小四号宋体。“关键词”三字采用小四号字黑体，顶格书写，一般为3—5个。
英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应，字体为小四号TimesNewRoman。
6、目录
“目录”二字采用三号字黑体、居中书写，“目”与“录”之间空两格，第一级层次采用小三号宋体字，其他级层次题目采用四号宋体字。
7、正文
正文的全部标题层次应整齐清晰，相同的层次应采用统一的字体表示。第一级为“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二级为“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三级为“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具体格式要求详见模板（模板从教务处主页下载专区下载）。
8、参考文献
参考文献要另起一页，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用标注，如×××[1]，具体格式要求详见模板（模板从教务处主页下载专区下载）。
9、外文资料及译文
外文资料可用A4纸复印，如果打印，采用小四号TimesNewRoman字体；译文采用小四号宋体打印，格式参照毕业论文（设计）文本格式要求，译文一般不少于2000字。
10、图、表、公式
图：a.要精选、简明，切忌与表及文字表述重复。
b.图中术语、符号、单位等应同文字表述一致。
c.图序及图名居中置于图的下方，用五号字宋体。
表：a.表中参数应标明量和单位的符号。
b.表序及表名置于表的上方。
c.表序、表名和表内内容采用五号宋体字。
公式：a.编号用括号括起写在右边行末，其间不加虚线。
b.公式中的英文字母和数字可以采用默认的字体和字号。
图、表与正文之间要有一行的间距，公式与正文之间不需空行；文中的图、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯数字分章编号。如：图2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）（“公式”两个字不要写上）等。若图或表中有附注，采用英文小写字母顺序编号。
11、量和单位
要严格执行GB3100—3102：93有关量和单位的规定（具体要求请参阅《常用量和单位》，计量出版社，1996）；物理量用斜体，单位用正体；
单位名称的书写，可以采用国际通用符号，也可以用中文名称，但全文应统一，不要两种混用。
12、标点符号
注意中英文标点符号的区别，不能混用。
三、毕业论文（设计）装订存档要求
1、毕业论文（设计）资料应包括任务书、开题报告、毕业论文（设计）文本、外文资料及译文、毕业论文（设计）成绩评定表等。
很多同学都不清楚论文的写作方法，关注学术参考网可以帮大家解决所有的论文难题，本篇主要是向大家介绍了汉语言文学毕业论文写作指导，欢迎大家阅读借鉴。
【汉语言文学毕业论文写作指导】
一、基本要求：
1.毕业论文应由学生本人在专业教师的指导下独立完成。
2.不得抄袭和剽窃他人成果。
3.毕业论文选题原则上一人一题。
4.毕业论文应当具备学术文体的一般特征。调查报告、工作总结及文学作品等各类非学术文体的文章不能作为毕业论文。
5.毕业论文字数要求：正文字数本科6000字以上，专科3000字以上(指论文主体部分，不包括前置部分和附录部分)。
二、进程计划
1、7月布置论文写作进程。
2、9月15日前，学生完成毕业论文初稿，将初稿交至班主任。
3、10月15日前，指导教师通知学生修改，学生应在指导教师的指导下修改二稿，并做修改记录；
4、11月15日前，在教师的指导下，学生完成论文的三稿。
5、12月1日前最终定稿。
6、12月中旬本科学生参加论文答辩。(具体时间再另行通知)
三、注意事项
1、每周主动和指导教师联系一次，汇报进展，听取指导教师意见，中期将书面报告材料交指导教师。
2、独立完成任务，杜绝抄袭、网上下载、请人等弄虚作假的行为。
3、若不能按进程要求完成的，指导教师将取消学生本学期毕业论文写作资格。
4、论文字数、论文格式严格按有关要求执行。
1.引言
1.1制定本标准的目的是为了统一规范我省电大汉语言文学类本科毕业论文的格式，保证毕业论文质量。
1.2毕业论文应采用最新颁布的汉语简化文字，符合《出版物汉字使用管理规定》，由作者在计算机上输入、编排与打印完成。
1.3毕业论文作者应在选题前后阅读大量有关文献，文献阅读量不少于10篇，将其列入参考文献表，并在正文中引用内容处注明参考文献编号(按出现先后顺序编排)。
2.编写要求
2.1页面要求：毕业论文须用A4(210×297mm)标准、70克以上白纸，一律采用单面打印；毕业论文页边距按以下标准设置：上边距(天头)为：30mm；下边距(地脚)25mm；左边距和右边距为：25mm；装订线：10mm；页眉：16mm；页脚：15mm。
2.2页眉：页眉从摘要页开始到论文最后一页，均需设置。页眉内容：浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学类本科毕业论文，居中，打印字号为5号宋体，页眉之下有一条下划线。
2.3页脚：从论文主体部分(引言或绪论)开始，用阿拉伯数字连续编页，页码编写方法为：第x页共x页，居中，打印字号为小5号宋体。
2.4前置部分从内容摘要起单独编页。
2.5字体与间距：毕业论文字体为小四号宋体，字间距设置为标准字间距，行间距设置为固定值20磅。
3.编写格式
3.1毕业论文章、节的编号：按阿拉伯数字分级编号。
3.2毕业论文的构成(按毕业论文中先后顺序排列)：
前置部分：封面；中文摘要，关键词；[英文摘要，关键词(申请学位者)]；目次页(必要时)主体部分：引言(或绪论)；正文；结论；参考文献
4.前置部分
4.1封面：封面格式按浙江广播电视大学财经类本科毕业论文封面统一格式要求。封面内容各项必须如实填写完整。其中论文题目是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映毕业论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合；论文题目所用每一词必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息；论文题目一般不宜超过30字。论文题目应该避免使用不常见的缩写词、首字缩写字、字符、代号和公式等；论文题目语意未尽，可用副标题补充说明论文中的特定内容。
具体内容依次列示如下内容：
汉语言文学类专业本科毕业论文(小二号黑体，居中)论文题名(二号黑体，居中)
学生姓名(××××××××三号黑体)学号(××××××××三号黑体)指导教师(××××××××三号黑体)专业(××××××××三号黑体)年级(××××××××三号黑体)学校(××××××××三号黑体)
4.2摘要：摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，应以第三人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性，即不阅读论文的全文，就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，供读者确定有无必要阅读全文，也供文摘等二次文献采用。
摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等，而重点是结果和结论。摘要中一般不用图、表、公式等，不用非公知公用的符号、术语和非法定的计量单位。
摘要页置于封面页后。
中文摘要一般为300汉字左右，用5号宋体，摘要应包括关键词。
英文摘要是中文摘要的英文译文，英文摘要页置于中文摘要页之后。申请学位者必须有，不申请学位者可不使用英文摘要。
关键词：关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般每篇论文应选取3～5个词作为关键词。关键词间用逗号分隔，最后一个词后不打标点符号。以显著的字符排在同种语言摘要的下方。如有可能，尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。
4.3目次页：目次页由论文的章、节、条、附录、题录等的序号、名称和页码组成，另起一页排在摘要页之后，章、节、小节分别以1.1.1；1.1.2等数字依次标出，也可不使用目次页
5.主体部分
5.1格式：主体部分的编写格式由引言(绪论)开始，以结论结束。主体部分必须另页开始。
1.中国化学论文与国家自然科学基金化学项目地域分布的比较研究
2.化学论文中表格设计存在的问题及解决方法
3.合成类化学论文前言的审改原则及实例分析
4.合成类化学论文摘要的基本标准及其审改实例
5.合成类化学论文题名的审改原则及实例分析
6.科技文献检索与化学论文撰写
7.如何撰写分析化学论文
8.提高化学类本科毕业论文质量的思考
9.课程论文在公安基础化学教学中的实践
10.化学论文中几组易混字辨析
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12.2002~2012年我国化学类高被引论文分析
13.广西高校大学生化学论文设计竞赛的实践与研究
14.医用化学论文写作的实践教学
15.30种化学类核心期刊高被引论文研究
16.千名医学家推荐最新七大生物化学论文
17.课程论文与化学专业实验一体化教学探索与实践
18.浅谈化学专业英语论文写作
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20.分析化学实验教学改革论文的统计分析
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30.基于创新型人才培养的毕业论文化学实验的绿色化
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36.试析化学类论文英文摘要特点
37.化学类论文图形摘要的主要类型及设计技巧
38.诺贝尔奖与科学家论文数量、被引频次的相关性——基于2000-2010年诺贝尔化学、物理学获奖者的实证研究
39.化学基础研究论文的引文统计与评价
40.我国化学论文产出的科学计量分析
41.农科院校提高化学类专业毕业论文质量的探索与实践
42.2000～2004年SCI-E收录《生物化学与生物物理进展》论文分析
43.中美科技期刊论文英文标题词汇特征对比分析——以化学类为例
44.国外新发表的皮革化学论文
45.综述论文在化学期刊中的作用及编辑组稿策略——以《高等学校化学学报》的办刊实践为例
46.应用化学毕业论文教学中指导教师和实验员角色的探讨
47.小论文在分析化学教学改革中的应用
48.自然科学基金资助项目(有机化学)论文统计分析
49.地方本科院校化学化工类毕业论文教学改革
50.转型目标下如何提高化学类专业毕业论文质量
51.课程论文在食品化学理论教学中的实践与探索
52.论文式实验报告在生物化学实验教学中的应用
53.中美高影响因子化学类科技期刊研究性论文标题用词对比分析
54.如何提高化学、化工类毕业论文质量
55.化学专业科研论文的撰写技巧探究
56.论化学类本科毕业论文的撰写
57.高师院校化学专业本科毕业论文中的问题及其撰写要求
58.论文写作在专科临床医学专业生物化学教学中的应用
59.一九八年中国化学会分析化学论文报告会论文目录
60.生物化学实验教学改革探讨——论文式实验报告
61.地方高校应用化学本科毕业论文改革探索
62.化学专业毕业论文教学改革与应用型科研人才培养的实践
63.中国化学研究论文总数已名列世界第三
64.普通本科院校化学化工类毕业论文(设计)质量改进探索与实践
65.第四次中日煤化学、碳——化学论文报告会介绍(Ⅱ)
66.指导化学工艺专业硕士研究生论文开题报告的一些体会
67.化学文摘（CA）对我国化学期刊论文的处理
68.提高独立院校化学专业本科毕业论文质量的探讨
69.应用化学专业毕业论文(设计)实施方案的探索及实践
70.保障应用化学本科毕业论文质量的探索
71.Elsevier收录我国分析化学类期刊论文的特点及对题名和关键词的修改
72.硕士学位论文质量过程控制及管理探索——以广西大学化学化工类硕士学位论文为例
73.应用化学专业毕业论文教学中存在的问题与指导策略
74.提高化学专业本科毕业论文质量的实践与思考
75.中国化学研究论文总数名列世界第三
76.化学论文关键词的选定与排序
77.理工科本科毕业论文改革创新模式研究与实践——以化学类专业为例
78.化学化工常用软件在相关科技论文中的应用
79.化学专业本科毕业论文中创新性问题的思考
80.提高化学专业本科毕业论文质量的探讨
81.浅谈《科技论文写作》在化学化工专业本科教学中的作用—以“合肥学院能源化学工程”专业为例
82.提高化学本科毕业论文质量的建议
83.科技创新导向的化学化工类本科毕业论文模式思考与实践
84.化学化工类毕业论文(设计)质量的影响因素与对策研究
85.“《化学学报》2014年度最具影响力论文奖”揭晓
86.提高应用化学专业毕业论文(设计)质量的探索与实践——以安徽工程大学应用化学专业为例
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88.“《化学学报》2013年度最有影响力论文奖”揭晓
89.理工科本科毕业论文现状及分析—以化学类专业为例
90.应用为导向的《化学文献检索及论文写作》教改探索
91.《结构化学》教学中设置课程论文的思考与尝试
92.有机化学专业本科生毕业论文改革的探索
93.我国成为化学论文大国
94.28届地质大会有关矿物岩石地球化学论文摘要选
95.强化化学本科毕业论文实验教学环节的几点探讨
96.化学十年:世界与中国——基于2001-2010年WoS论文的文献计量分析
97.校企合作指导应用化学专业毕业论文(设计)的新模式的探讨
98.国内期刊近期发表的油田化学论文题录
摘要:论文标题是以最合理、最精炼的词语反映论文主要研究内容与研究方法的逻辑组合,有其独特的语言表达形式及写作规范。本文结合笔者的实践教学经验,以高校英语专业毕业论文为例,阐述了中文标题英译时应遵循的基本原则及方法,以此提高学生论文写作水平。
一、引言
毕业论文(thesis)是每个大学生在毕业之前的一项重要学习任务。论文的撰写需要一定的专业知识,也需遵循科研论文规范的写作方法及语言表达形式。学生在英译中文标题时应本着一条总的原则:准确反映文章实质,遵循英语表达习惯,贵在简洁,突出醒目,使之起到“以小见大”的作用。具体原则及要求如下。
二、英译毕业论文中文标题的基本原则
2.1准确一致(Accuracy)论文标题应能准确反映文章主要内容,恰当体现所研究的范围和深度,既不能过于宽泛,也不宜过于繁琐。中英文标题在内容上应保持一致,但不代表词语的完全对应。将中文标题译成英文时,要注意语序的调整,不能死套中文的词序,以免造成英文意思模糊不清。在多数情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。如果有些标题过于笼统、抽象,难于按字面意思直译,可以通过“意译”原标题或另拟新标题加以整理,以使“名”符其“实”。2.2规范得体(Standardization)标题中单词的大小写。标题单词字母的大小写通常有以下三种写作格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但三个或四个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;标题第一个词的首字母大写,其余字母均小写。对于专有名词首字母、首字母缩略词、德语名词首字母、句点(.)后任何单词的首字母均应大写。标点符号、斜体的使用。英汉论文标题中,标点符号的不对应是由两种语言标点类别不同造成的。破折号、冒号、问号、引号、逗号、感叹号、斜线均可使用,顿号、书名号仅用于中文学术论文标题;分号、省略号只用于英语学术论文标题。如,为使标题精炼,英文标题常用冒号或破折号代替标题中的介词短语或判断陈述句标题中的tobe。另外,标题中的概念与次要成分应用符号分隔,从而突出中心概念。英文书名用斜体表示,中文书名置于书名号内。缩写词。除各国通用的缩写词和特殊符号外,标题内不得使用缩写词和特殊符号。因此,论文标题应避免使用非公知、公用的缩写词、字符、代号,尽量不要出现数学公式和化学式。标题中应慎重使用缩略语,尤其对于有多个解释的缩略语应严加限制,必要时应在括号中注明全称,只有那些全称较长、缩写后不易引起歧义且已得到本专业领域公认的缩略语才可使用。
2.3简短精炼(Conciseness)字数。标题具有高度的概括性,在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下,标题的用词应力求简短、精练,以最少的文字概括尽可能多的内容。标题字数一般不超过20个汉字,外语不超过10个实词(国际标准为8个),若能用一行文字表达则尽量不用2行。如果某些论文中的内容层次复杂或科学术语结构复杂,难用8个英文词概括全文的标题,建议采用主标题与副标题的相结合的办法解决标题过长问题,以副标题来补充说明特定的方法及内容等信息。此时应注意国际标准和英文规范,并用冒号将主、副标题分开,切忌按中文方式用破折号将之分开。赘词冗语。标题中尽量不用赘词冗语(如冠词a,an,the)及多余的说明性“废词”。另外,还要注意避免标题中词意上的重叠。随着期刊论文逐渐与国际接轨,学生需注意遵循英语表达习惯。许多论文作者在中文标题中常冠于“试论”、“初探”、“浅谈”、“试论”等谦辞。如果此类标题直接翻译成“Elementaryintroduc-tionof…”,“Simplestudyof…”等字样,在形式上谦词就成了中心词,反而使反映论文主题的中心词不够突出醒目,使英美人士望文生义,产生不信任感。至于标题中惯用的“AStudyof…”,“Re-searchon…”等一类词汇都属无效信息,英译时为做到言简意赅,往往省略不译。
2.4醒目突出(Prominence)科研论文的标题一般不刻意追求语言的生动或形象化。但是,为了使标题醒目或体现语言和谐动听,有时作者也在标题中运用修辞手段,以明确表明研究工作的独到之处,力求重点突出。为使表达直接、清楚以便引起读者的注意,作者应尽可能地将表达核心内容的主题词放在标题开头。
三、结语
综上所述,在撰写英语专业毕业论文之际,学生应从论文标题的专指性入手,认真拟定毕业论文标题,以使其发挥出提纲挈领的作用。了解毕业论文中文标题英译的原则、常见结构及翻译方法有助于学生提高标题译文的准确性和灵活性,甚至论文的学术含量。学生在实际应用这些方法时,可根据具体情况进行适当的调整和增删以实现译文的标准化和规范化。
参考文献:
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网()创建于二5年十月的研究生论文服务中心，为毕业论文需求用户提供毕业论文写作指导,并发表各类研究生毕业论文。包括发表硕士论文、职称论文、工程硕士论文、mba毕业论文、会计毕业论文、中级职称论文、在职硕士毕业论文、在职博士毕业论文、英文计算机论文、英文论文、、职称、核心期刊等业务。研究生毕业网团队由顶尖的博士、教授组成，保证了论文的高水准高品质。我们从到期刊实行一站式服务，解决您所有的顾虑。
MBA毕业论文主要采用对论文进行评审和答辩的两种工作，是对学生所撰写论文的两种不同的考核方法。前者是对MBA论文进行评审，只是对论文进行单向的、书面的、静态的考核。而MBA论文答辩，则是对论文进行双向的、口头的、动态的考核。MBA论文答辩的目的是为了进一步审査论文，包括鉴别真伪、考查知识运用能力、深化提髙和增长知识、展现学生自信和口才、评价论文成绩等方面，但MBA毕业论文可能更注重他的实用性，所以以实证研究为主，会比较容易过，但也有一部分MBA却完成不了或完成不好毕业论文。
第一，鉴别真伪(或是否是自己独立完成的论文)。评价MBA论文首要工作是核查论文的真实性，这是一个最起码的要求，只有在辨别庞伪的情况下，才能对MBA论文作出准确、科学的评价。所谓真实性问题，也就是毕业论文是否是学生本人的研究和写作成果，作者有没有抄袭他人的成果或他人代作的行为，这是毕业论文能否顺利通过答辩的一个原则性问题。撰写MBA毕业论文，要求学生在教师的指导下独立完成，但它不像考试、考査那样，在老师严格监视下完成，而是在一个较长的时间内完成，难免会有少数不自觉的学生会投机取巧，采取各种手段作弊。也有的是学生并非故意抄袭，往往是因为他们不了解文献哪些可以接受，哪些不可以接受的行为而导致。所以，答辩小组或答辩委员会的教师通过论文答辩鉴别MBA论文真实性的能力就更强些，而且在答辩会上还可以通过提问与答辩来暴露作弊者，从而保证MBA毕业论文的整体质丽。
第二，考查MBA知识运用能力。考査知识就是考査论文作者对论文研究对象所涉及的基本理论和其他相关知识的掌握程度，从而考査MBA论文作者对论题进行研究的理论准备和相关知识的掌握情况。通过论文也可以看出学生已掌握知识面的深度和广度。但是，撰写毕业论文的主要目的不是考査学生掌握知识的深广度，而是考查学生综合运用所学知识独立地分析问题和解决问题的能力，培养和锻炼学生进行科学研究的能力。学生在写论文中所运用的知识有的已确实掌握，能融会贯通地运用;有的可能是一知半解，并没有转化为自己的知识;还有的可能是从别人的文章中生搬硬套过来，其基本含义都没有搞淸楚。在答辩会上，答辩老师把论文中有阐述不清楚、不详细、不完备、不确切、不完善等提出来，让作者当场作出回答，从而就可以检查出作者对所论述的问题是否有深广的知识越础、创造性见解和充分扎实的理由。
第三，深化提高和增长知识。就是通过答辩对论文是否贴题(题目是否恰当)、布局篇章是否得当、运用材料是否恰到好处、论点是否准确、论据是否充分、论证是否有力等。一般说来，从学生所提交的论文中，巳能大致反映出各个学生对自己所写论文的认识程度和论证论题的能力。但由于种种原因，有些问题没有充分展开、细说，有的可能是限于全局结构不便展开，有的可能是受篇幅所限不能展开，有的可能是作者认为这个问题不重要或者以为没有必要展开、详细说明的;有的很可能是作者深不下去或者说不淸楚而故意回避了的薄弱环节，有的还可能是作者自己根本就没有认识到的不足之处等。通过对这些问题的提问和答辩就可以进一步弄淸MBA是由于哪种情况而没有展开深人分析的，从而了解学生对自己所写的论文的认识程度、理解深度和当场论证论题的能力。在答辩过程中，答辩小组成员也会就论文中的某些问题阐述自己的观点或者提供有价值的信息。这样，学生又可以从答辩教师中获得新的知识。当然‘如果学生的论文有独创性见解或在答辩中提供最新的新鲜材料，也会使答辩老师得到启迪。
第四，MBA毕业论文答辩是全面展示自己的自信、才华和口才的最佳时机，是很多学生从未经历过的场面，不少人因此而胆怯，缺乏自信心。其实毕业论文答辩将是MBA走向社会的关键时刻，是全面展示自己的素质和才能的良好时机。所以，MBA毕业生们对毕业论文答辩不能敷衍塞责、马虎从事，更不可轻易放弃。
第五，评价论文成绩。MBA论文虽然在答辩以前经过作者的多次修改且经过论文导师指导，以及论文导师进行评价论文成绩，最后通过学生答辩能力表现最终审核其综合成绩，作为论文的最终成绩。
关键词： 毕业论文管理 管理体制 管理制度 管理细则 质量监控
毕业论文是学生运用在校学习的基础知识和基本理论，解决实际问题的实践锻炼过程，也是学生在校学习期间学习成果的综合性总结，是教学活动中不可缺少的重要环节。毕业论文的重要性体现在培养学生初步的科学研究能力，提高其综合运用所学知识分析问题、解决问题能力等方面。毕业论文实践环节架起了学生与社会之间的桥梁，提高了学生就业以后的动手能力。作为负责河北科技师范学院生命科技学院本科毕业论文管理工作的实践教学办公室，加强对全院学生毕业论文的管理，对提高毕业论文质量、确保高素质人才的培养具有重要意义。
一、毕业论文工作存在的问题
在本二级学院建院之前，农学、生命科学两系已经设立专门办公室负责毕业论文管理工作。建院以来，对我院原有工作进行了重新整合。在此过程中，我们发现，某些遗留问题没有最终解决，一些新的问题日益凸显：管理运行机制不够健全，各级管理层次权责不够清晰，管理制度不够细化，管理模式低效繁杂，质量监控未充分发挥实效，等等。导致部分学生轻视毕业论文，以一种应付的心态对待毕业论文；部分指导教师管理不到位，没有全身心地投入到指导工作中去，导致毕业论文质量整体下滑。
二、探索与实践
2009级学生是我院建院以来的第一届学生。为了提高毕业论文质量，更好地组织完成学生在校期间最后的教学任务，解决遗留问题和新问题，我们针对2013届毕业论文，进行了初步的探索与实践工作。
（一）健全管理体制
学院党政领导班子成员高度重视毕业论文工作，按照学校要求，在第七学期开学初成立以院长为组长的毕业论文工作领导小组，由组长亲自抓、负总责。小组成员由院务工作委员会和实践教学办公室人员组成，最终形成“毕业论文工作领导小组——主管院长——实践教学办公室——教学部——指导教师——学生”的六级管理体制。同时，明确职责分工。由毕业论文工作领导小组确定学院答辩委员会成员名单，委员会下设专业答辩组开展答辩工作。本着“提前安排、及时准确、细心周到、原则性与灵活性相统一”的原则开展各项工作。
（二）完善制度建设
针对毕业论文工作中出现的各种问题，我们依据学校文件相关精神，理顺思路、精心策划，起草《生命科技学院本科毕业论文工作实施细则（试行）》。经过多次面向全院教师征求意见与讨论修改，《细则》正式出台并执行。《细则》共分十一章，四十四条，十九附件。《细则》正文部分涵盖组织领导、选题与任务下达、开题与中期检查、撰写、评阅与答辩、毕业论文档案提交与归档等重要内容；附件部分涵盖写作模板、表格模板、装订要求等具体规范。《细则》将毕业论文二次答辩制度加以重新明确和规范；力争彻底解决长期以来的遗留问题；对各类要求加以细化。另外，在工作中还逐渐形成了集中讨论制度、公示制度等尚未成文的工作程序。
（三）加强质量监控
质量监控是确保毕业论文质量的基本前提，是制度运行的保障，是对全体教师和学生开展毕业论文工作的有效监督。通过充分发挥六级管理体制的作用，做到从学生选题到论文档案材料归档各个环节层层把关、全程跟踪，发现问题及时整改。学院还充分发挥二级教学督导组的作用，对毕业论文工作进行同步督导。《生命科技学院本科毕业论文工作实施细则（试行）》中对二次答辩进行了规范，规定了申请二次答辩的各种情形，尤其强调禁止抄袭、编造，以及非本人亲自完成论文的各种行为。《细则》同时规定学生不能进行一、二次答辩或认定一、二次答辩不合格的各种情形。另外，通过成立毕业论文审核小组，建立论文后评估机制。学院根据专业情况，将毕业论文审核小组划分成若干组。每组成员在组长的安排下，将学生提交的纸质版、电子版材料进行逐一审核。同时，每组指定人员就论文题目、摘要、关键词的英文部分进行审核，重点检查中、英文是否对应；用词是否正确；是否存在语法问题，等等。只要审核中发现问题，就立即反馈学生进行修改。规定审核次数不多于三次。最终仍不合格者，提交毕业论工作领导小组进行终审。
（四）重视意见反馈
在毕业论文工作执行过程中，学院重视广大教师、学生提出的意见和建议，以便今后改进各项工作。学院通过公共邮箱对相关工作开展公示，在规定时间内接收教师的意见反馈。在答辩期间，学院为各答辩组印发《毕业论文工作实施细则（试行）执行情况反馈表》，要求广大师生对发现的问题、今后需要坚持的和今后需要完善之处，提出意见和建议，以便修订时采纳。
通过收取2013届《毕业论文工作实施细则（试行）执行情况反馈表》显示，广大师生对毕业论文工作给予了充分的肯定，说明管理工作已收到了一定成效。
三、关于今后工作的思考
（一）适度扩大二次答辩的群体
目前，我院所采取的二次答辩措施主要倾向于那些无故不参加毕业论文各环节和各种评定中成绩不合格的学生。在今后的工作中，我们考虑采取随机的方式抽查部分学生进行二次答辩，适当选取优秀论文的学生进行二次答辩，体现其监督检查、榜样示范的作用。
（二）适度改变一人一题的方式
今后工作中，考虑根据指导教师、学生本人和教学资源的实际情况，将一人一题适度改为多人一题的方式，进一步培养学生团队协作的能力。
（三）适度调整毕业论文工作时间
根据不同科研课题的特点，学院考虑与各专业协调培养方案，将毕业论文工作适度提前。这样既保证了低年级学生尽早进入科研状态，又保证了毕业生论文工作不与考研复习、就业等工作相抵触。
总之，毕业论文工作既是对学生毕业前的一次综合检验，又是对管理工作者能力和水平的考验。我院将继续本着求真务实的工作态度，建立毕业论文管理工作的长效机制，确保毕业论文质量逐年稳步提高。
参考文献：
[1]蒋亦华.我国本科毕业论文制度的阐释与建构[J].现代大学教育，2009（2）：101-106.
[2]柯颖.高校本科毕业论文教学改革的对策思考[J].学术论坛，2008（10）：203-205.
[3]周文刚，卢欣欣，崔仲远.毕业论文（设计）过程管理和质量监控的改革与实践[J].周口师范学院学报，2013（2）：111-113.
【关键词】毕业论文 本科生科研 探索
【中图分类号】G642 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1674-4810（2013）12-0024-02
教育部教高〔2005〕1号文件《关于进一步加强高等学校本科教学工作的若干意见》中指出，积极推动研究性教学，提高大学生的创新能力。引导大学生了解多种学术观点并开展讨论、追踪本学科领域最新进展，提高自主学习和独立研究的能力。要让大学生通过参与教师科学研究项目或自主确定选题开展研究等多种形式，进行初步的探索性研究工作。我们对本科生参与教师科研进行了探索，旨在培养本科生的实践创新能力，提高本科生毕业论文质量。
一 目前高校本科生毕业论文中存在的问题及原因
随着高等院校的扩招和就业压力的增大，工科院校本科生毕业论文、毕业设计的质量呈下降趋势。主要原因有：
1.毕业设计、毕业论文准备时间短，精力投入不足，无法保证质量
多数高校的本科生毕业设计环节安排在最后一个学期进行，学生需要完成毕业实习、选题、资料检索、调研、相关计算机软件的学习与应用、方案确定与设计、实验研究，论文撰写、论文答辩等；而整个过程只有4个月的时间。加之目前就业压力增大，这期间大部分本科生面临着找工作的现实问题。有的学生准备研究生复试，有些学生要准备公务员考试，成绩不合格的学生还要参加毕业前的补考。因此，造成了毕业生投入到毕业论文中的时间不足，难以保证毕业论文的质量。
2.缺乏实践创新，科研素质低
通常本科生是在最后一学期开始时才接触研究课题。之前本科生不了解科研过程更谈不上进行科研训练，而且动手能力也较差。加上准备时间短，造成工作效率低。
3.文献搜集、整理能力差
毕业结业开始时学院一般先给学生布置课题，学生根据自己的兴趣选择指导教师及课题。由于毕业结题指导时间短，指导教师通常会为学生提供经典参考文献并指导其阅读，然后提供一些关键词由学生自己查文献阅读，以促进毕业设计研究工作的开展。搜集高质量的参考文献对论文写作非常重要。但由于学生查阅文献的能力有强有弱，英文水平参差不齐，无法顺利、快速地阅读文献，特别是对题目的理解还可能有偏差，结果查找并阅读的文献篇数少，质量也不高。上述原因造成了学生对课题把握不到位，直接影响了课题的顺利进行。
4.实验过程中缺乏主动进取精神
由于学生在课题开始时才进入实验室，因此大部分学生动手能力较差。在实验室操作过程中难免会遇到各种问题。仅有少部分学生能积极主动地和导师探讨问题，大部分学生只能被动地跟随指导教师的节奏。
二 本科生科研的途径
针对目前本科毕业论文中存在的普遍问题，我们课题组在如何提高本科生毕业论文质量方面进行了探讨，并尝试把学有余力的本科生引入到教师科研中进行了探索。
1.本科生科研的方式
从学生进入大学阶段学习开始，就应通过专业介绍等讲座，了解所学专业的国内外现状，了解本专业的发展与在国民经济中的作用，对毕业后从事的工作有所了解。最好大一就能到单位进行参观实习，这样学生对以后所从事的事业有清晰、完整的认识。
在开始学习理论知识的同时，还要着手培养本科生的科研素质和实践能力。不同年级大学生的学习能力有差异，因此需针对各年级制定分层次、阶段性培养方案。通过安排不同的科研任务来实现科研能力、科研素质的逐步提升。
应给本科生配备指导教师，由指导教师给学生制订培养方案。让学生在学习理论知识的同时，参加科研素质训练。比如大学一年级学生的主要任务是：了解导师的科研方向与科研情况。大学二年级学生的任务是熟悉并掌握课题所需的基本实验技能，并根据个人特长与教师的研究方向确定自己的实验方向，掌握文献检索的基本技能，阅读4～5篇与教师课题相关的中文论文，一年内至少阅读并翻译2篇相关英文文献。大学三年级的主要任务：协助大学四年级的同学和教师完成自己所在实验方向的实验内容，每学期至少阅读3篇与教师课题相关的论文，一年内至少阅读2篇英文文献；四年级同学的主要任务：针对自己的研究课题至少阅读相关文献30篇，其中英文文献10篇以上。并在此基础上，写出自己课题的研究背景、存在的问题、找到通常的研究方法，制订研究方案。并在教师的指导下，独立思考，进行试验研究，分析数据，撰写实验论文。
2.本科生参与科研过程应注意的问题
第一，强化外语和计算机学习。本科生从事科研，较高的外语阅读能力和熟练的计算机使用能力是必需的。否则会直接影响科研能力的开展。所以本科生在大一时期要强化计算机应用及英语阅读能力，为以后查阅文献打好基础。
第二，增开选修课，提高文献检索与写作能力。尽早学习文选检索课程，学会利用各种资源，提高文献搜集及整理能力。
三 本科生科研的意义
1.理论知识与实践能力相互促进，激发学生自主性学习热情
本科生参与教师的科研工作，能较早地把理论知识与科研实践相联系，从而体验到专业知识的实用性，激发其学习专业理论知识的兴趣。在科研过程中，通过实践有效地促进学生对学科间知识的联结与整合，拓宽视野，夯实了理论基础，加快了知识更新。随着科研的不断深入，学生能够及时发现自身知识的不足，从而激发自主性吸收新知识的主动性。同时，由于课题需要，学生阅读了大量的英文文献与资料，从而也逐步提高了学生的外语水平。
一、药学本科毕业论文目前存在的问题
1.论文的选题和方案设计困难。论文题目的选择和实验方案的设计是完成毕业论文的最根本前提。尽管药学专业为理科专业，大学四年开设的实验课程所占比重较大，但学生基本是听从教师的安排，“老师怎么说，我便怎么做”，没有科研选题和设计实验方案的经历。自主选题非常盲目，要么缺乏创新性、没有实际价值；要么脱离学校现有的仪器条件、难以实现。同时，指导老师由于研究经费等原因，不愿意学生选择自己科研课题之外的项目，但自身的科研课题又有_定的深度和难度，交给本科生做又担心无法良好完成，最终造成毕业生选题难的尴尬局面。
2.指导老师资源紧张。现在很多药学高等院校在学生大二阶段便已开始实施科研导师制，但由于近年来高等本科院校普遍扩招，每年招收的学生均较多，专业老师相对于学生来说还是非常紧张，大部分学生并不能如愿找到自己的科研导师尽早开展课题研究。此外，毕业论文的指导老师大都是各高校中的骨干任课教师，除了每天曰常的教学工作之外，还要进行课题的申请和实施开展、文章撰写、结题等工作。再要为学生毕业课题的设计、试剂药材等的购买、实验操作、论文的撰写事无巨细地操心，实在是身心疲惫、力不从心，因而从内心上也不愿意进行毕业论文的指导。
3.毕业生考研、就业压力的冲击。随着高等教育的普及，本科毕业生越来越多，出现了僧多粥少的场景，这使得毕业班的学生不得不向更高的学历挑战，每天在图书馆、通宵教室为考研而拼搏着，没有心情顾及毕业论文的设计和实验；这个学期也有不少医院、医药企业或公司来学校招聘或做校园宣讲会，很多学生都会积极参与以求取面试的机会。写论文也是心急火燎，到要交了临阵磨枪，故而难以有效保证毕业论文的质量。
4.毕业生综合应用能力不强。毕业论文的完成过程可以说是对大学生四年学习的一次综合检验，不仅考查了学生对专业知识的掌握程度，更重要的是反映了学生对专业技能的灵活运用程度。就目前情况来看，学生的文献检索能力尚显欠缺。虽然《文献检索》这门课程作为必修课已在药学专业的大二学年安排，然而真到了学生要利用文献检索工具来设计和撰写毕业论文的时候，却发现所学知识早已经遗忘得差不多了，都不知道如何充分利用维普、万方等数据库，更不用说是查阅外文文献了，部分学生甚至向指导老师索要英文文献供他们翻译，让指导老师哭笑不得。
此外，药学专业的论文，不仅需要查找大量的文献资料，更重要的是必须学生自己积极主动地进行实验才能完成科学研究。然而学生在开展实验过程中，往往只是把它当成一个任务来应付，缺乏热情，不愿意花费时间和精力开动脑筋思考实验设计的原理和依据，一旦实验过程中出现了问题，第一时间就去问老师。缺乏独立思考解决问题的能力，这也是教师在指导毕业论文的过程中最有感触的_件事情。
二、改善药学本科毕业论文质量的对策和建议
1.论文的选题仍以教师的科研课题为主体。由于在短期内药学高等院校提供给学生毕业论文的经费不会有明显增加，除少数较优秀的学生自选课题外，指导教师的科研课题仍将是学生毕业论文的主要来源。针对教师科研课题难度偏大、本科生难以较好胜任的局面，教师一方面可以将课题分解成小的子项目，另一方面可让研究生担当其中的良好中介。让学生跟着研究生做课题，既解决了毕业生论文选题难的问题，也让学生有研究生更直接、更全面的指导和帮助，能更好地了解实验的目的、设计原理等，能较为有效地完成实验和论文。
2.从校外引入指导老师资源。除医药高等院校的教师外，不少医药企业、药检所等科研院所也在开展与药学相关的科研工作，由于这些单位编制人员少，对药学实习生的需求十分迫切。高校应搭建好他们与学生之间的桥梁，让学生与企、事业单位间相互熟悉和了解后，实现学生与指导老师之间的双向选择。让企、事业单位的科研人员担任学生毕业论文的指导老师，不仅大大扩充了指导老师的资源队伍，减轻了在校教师的负担，让他们有更多的精力指导学生；而且也可扩展学生的视野，让他们尽早接触校园之外的社会，为今后更好地适应工作岗位奠定基础。
3.合理安排时间，给予二次答辩的机会。针对毕业生考研、就业压力的影响，学校可引导他们合理安排时间，利用大三的暑假完成文献综述和外文翻译。并适当提前不参加考研、准备直接就业学生的答辩时间，让他们尽早开展实验；对于考研的学生则将答辩时间放在考研结束之后的两三个月，即给予二次答辩的机会，让这部分学生可以安心复习考研，等到考试结束后再全身心投入到毕业论文的工作中。
4.提升学生的综合应用能力。学生应用能力的培养是几年大学生涯的积累，因此，要提升学生这方面的素质不是_朝_夕就能做到的，如何激发学生的学习兴趣、加强他们的实践动手能力是药学院校在教学过程中始终要关注的问题。在毕业论文设计之先，学校可以通过组织讲座等形式让相关的任课教师再系统地辅导一下学生如何充分使用检索工具，指导期刊文献特别是外文资料的查阅；学生也应重新翻阅《文献检索》等相关教材，回忆起遗忘的知识点，以提高检索能力。对于学生而言，应明确毕业论文也是自身专业学习中非常关键的部分，是自己走上工作岗位前的一次实战演练，从课题的选题、设计、实验操作到论文书写一定要认真对待。在实验过程中要不断思考如何做、为什么这样做的机理和原因，而不是糊里糊涂只当是赶紧把任务完成。同时，在做实验的过程中难免会遇到问题，应先自己思考该如何解决，然后再和指导老师或研究生沟通、商议或解答，在操作过程中遇到失败也是很正常的事情，要认真分析出错的原因，不要气馁，端正态度带着问题重新来过，以获取最终良好的结果。
关键词 医药营销专业 论文质量 教学改革
中图分类号：G424 文献标识码：A DOI：10.16400/ki.kjdkz.2015.03.059
Medicine Marketing Undergraduate Thesis
Quality Analysis and Teaching Reform
YANG Lin
（Xi'an Medical University， Xi'an， Shaanxi 710021）
Abstract Pharmaceutical marketing professional thesis is to examine the effect of graduates of professional learning important practical aspects， to fully reflect the student's comprehensive ability and self-learning ability， but also improve an important teaching graduates overall practice and innovation ability. Combined with the actual situation of pharmaceutical marketing professional school student thesis， analysis of nearly 153 graduates three basic conditions of pharmaceutical marketing and quality factors papers， thesis writing and defense against the existing problems， enhance substantive pharmaceutical marketing graduate thesis quality feasibility strategy.
Key words pharmaceutical marketing; thesis quality; teaching reform
医药营销专业本科毕业论文是培养学生综合运用所学理论知识独立分析和解决问题的一个重要环节，为了调查论文质量及发现论文写作中存在的问题，抽取近三届153篇毕业论文进行回顾性分析。大多数学生实习都集中于医药经营企业，论文选题与医药营销实践的相关度较高，论文的完成能够体现医药营销专业综合训练的要求。通过对该专业近三届学生毕业论文质量的分析，探讨对本专业毕业论文质量影响的因素，通过加强对毕业论文写作各环节的指导与控制，提高医药营销专业毕业论文的整体水平。
1 医药营销专业本科毕业论文基本情况
近三届医药营销专业本科毕业论文共153篇，其中2008级35篇，2009级36篇，2010级82篇。调查内容包括医药营销专业153篇论文的总体评分情况，毕业论文的三种主要类型，毕业生实习单位、指导老师同毕业论文得分之间的相关关系等基本情况。2012、2013、2014届医药营销专业毕业论文的优秀率分别为8.6%、13.9%、13.4%，良好率分别是85.7%、69.4%、76.8%，合格率占5.7%、16.7%、9.8%。综合来看学生写作流程基本规范，但是论文质量有待提高。
医药营销专业毕业论文类型分为理论研究型、市场调查型和理论应用型。这三种类型在2012届毕业论文中的比率分别占8.6%、2.8%、88.6%，在2013届毕业论文中的比率为11.1%、2.7%、86.2%，在2014届毕业论文中的比率占7.3%、3.6%、89.1%。总体来看，近三届学生的毕业论文以结合医药市场具体情况进行分析、运用营销理论解决实际问题的应用型为主。
医药营销专业毕业生的实习单位分为医药外资企业、国内医药经营企业、连锁药店和非医药企业这四种类型。综合近三届毕业论文总体成绩来看，在医药外资企业实习的毕业生论文中优秀、良好、合格的比率是59.3%、33.3%、7.4%，在国内医药经营企业实习的毕业生论文中优秀、良好、合格的比率是2.7%、90.5%、6.8%，在连锁药店实习的毕业生论文中优秀、良好、合格的比率是2.6%、82.0%、15.4%。在非医药企业实习的毕业生论文中没有成绩优秀的，良好与合格比率是76.9%、23.1%。显然在医药外资企业实习的毕业生论文质量最优。
医药营销专业毕业生结合专业的实践与应用特性，近三届毕业生中111人由医药企业工作人员带教，论文考评优秀、良好、合格的比率是11.7%、73.9%、14.4%，一些在连锁药店和非医药企业实习的学生因缺乏指导老师而由校内专业课老师带教，论文考评优秀、良好、合格的比率是14.3%、61.9%、23.8%。
2 医药营销专业本科毕业论文质量影响因素分析
通过对已经毕业的近三届医药营销毕业论文的回顾性整理发现，影响论文质量的因素主要体现在学生对待毕业论文的态度、实习单位与指导老师这几个主要的方面。
2.1 毕业生对待论文的态度
医药营销专业本科学生大都在医药企业实习，实习单位对学生有着较为严格的绩效考核制度，学生不能像在校期间学习一样静下心来写论文。学生在毕业论文写作阶段面临实习、考研及找工作等问题，往往忽视了毕业论文写作。对2010级学生采用访谈法收集毕业生对于毕业论文的看法和投入精力后发现，只有26%学生认为毕业论文很重要，47%的学生认为比较重要，27%的学生认为写论文纯属完成任务。整体而言，学生在论文选题、开题、资料收集、论文撰写、论文修改、毕业论文答辩等各个环节投入的时间和精力不足。
2.2 论文选题与论文质量
从毕业论文总体来看，在论文选题方面大都集中于医药市场领域，绝大多数学生选择了自己感兴趣、与营销工作联系紧密并且自己可以驾驭完成的论题。论文的选题难度与论文完成的工作量较为适中。医药营销专业毕业论文以理论应用型为主，高达88.9%，市场调查型最少只占论文总量的2.6%。通过对2010级毕业生的抽查结果显示，其中只有少部分学生在完成论文时，既查阅了文献又进行了实际的市场调研。由于毕业论文的写作设在最后一个学期，很多同学将绝大部分时间放在了实习和找工作上，在写作时忽略了原始资料的获取，只进行了二手文献的查阅，影响了论文的说服力。核查得分较低的论文后发现，个别学生论文选题过大，没有针对本专业的具体情况，致使完成论文难度倍增，加之实习过程缺少必要的实践训练环节，导致论文内容空洞质量不高。
2.3 指导老师与论文质量
因为扩招本校医药营销专业学生人数逐年增加，校内指导老师无法完成全部学生的论文指导工作，因此从学生实习的医药企业聘请责任心强、与营销实践工作相关的人员作为校外指导老师。由医药企业人员和校内专业课老师指导的毕业论文优秀率分别为11.7%和14.3%，两者之间没有显著差异。校内教师对于营销理论非常了解，但对具体操作却不十分清楚，在指导学生的过程中会出现仅仅靠理论指导，而难以解决企业实际问题的情况。医药企业人员具备丰富的市场销售经验，能够指导学生将理论转化为实践应用，从学生论文中可以发现与具体实习企业的紧密联系，但是校外老师在论文格式规范、参考文献等方面有待改进。
2.4 实习单位与论文质量
实习单位对于毕业论文的优良率有着重要的影响，从论文统计中可以发现，医药外资企业、国内医药企业、连锁药店实习的学生毕业论文优秀率分别为 59.3%、2.7%、2.6%，在医药外资企业实习的毕业生论文优良率远高于其他三类企业，说明实习单位与毕业论文成绩之间存在关联。从论文完成情况可以看出，医药外资企业拥有良好的资金、技术等竞争优势，在人力资源培养方面投入力度大，在此实习的学生在市场销售中得到了较好锻炼，同时论文质量整体较好。
3 提高医药营销毕业论文质量的改革对策
3.1 加强对毕业生论文写作前的指导
针对2014届毕业生进行的调研问卷显示63%学生和47%指导教师认为影响论文质量的最主要问题是缺少论文规范性写作的指导和训练。83%的学生认为学校有必要在实习前，给学生提供一些从开题报告到毕业论文的范文并加以讲解，使学生掌握论文的写作方法和注意事项，提高论文写作质量和水平。虽然历届学生在毕业论文前都会安排有实习动员，但由于时间紧，实习动员更多的是强调实习注意事项和对论文基本要求，没有对论文写作安排专门时间来指导和训练。因此，毕业论文水平的提高必须通过一定的方式方法来逐步实现。
可行的方法是将论文写作专项训练课程的内容划分为课堂讲授及写作训练两部分。论文指导教师用5学时讲完教学计划的核心内容，以综述、开题报告、中英文摘要和论文写作进行讲授。核心内容的讲授采用案例式教学，以往届毕业生中的优秀论文为范文进行分析说明。剩余的时间通过给出学习要点及作业由学生自主完成。学生作业结合拟完成毕业论文题目，逐项提交与之有关的开题报告、中英文摘要和论文等。
3.2 论文写作由校内外导师共同指导
医药营销专业的学生撰写论文是要解决企业的实际问题，为了能够使学生的论文反映医药企业的实际情况，实习企业应该为学生指派一位实践指导教师，由校外老师负责指导学生的营销实践环节，并为学生创造条件进行学位论文的撰写。校内老师指导学生完成与学位论文相关的表格填写工作。这样学生在收集数据、调查资料等方面就能从企业角度分析问题、解决问题，大大提高了学生对实际问题的理解程度，保证了学生在理论和实践应用两方面顺利完成毕业论文的写作。与此同时，这也将有利于加强校内外交流与合作，提高本专业学生的培养质量，向医药企业输送合格的毕业生。
3.3 论文答辩方式的改革
医药营销专业的学生答辩形式是人人参与答辩，答辩成绩占最终论文总成绩的40%，查阅总成绩不高的学生论文后发现，答辩成绩也往往偏低。学院选择在医药企业实践经验丰富的管理人员和校内专业课老师共同组成医药营销论文答辩小组，每个小组由5名教师组成，每个答辩的学生需要回答2～3个问题，学生一一作答后，答辩教师根据学生的论文撰写情况和答辩情况给出相应的成绩，如果成绩不合格需要进行二次答辩。为了避免这种效率不高的重复劳动，本专业将在下一届毕业生中推行预答辩制度，即在正式答辩之前先组织学生预演全过程，帮助学生及时找到不足加以完善，以期在正式答辩中发挥出最佳水平。
毕业论文的质量不仅能反映教师的教学和科研水平，而且还能反映一个学校人才培养模式和培养计划的合理性。毕业论文是对大学四年学习成果的综合性总结，对学生利用所学知识分析问题和解决问题能力的检验，是大学生完成学业的标志性作业。通过校外实习就业一体化基地建设、实施论文写作的综合实训指导，完善毕业论文过程化管理和严格地进行论文评阅与答辩等措施，将实质性提高医药营销专业毕业论文的质量。
项目：西安医学院2014年校级精品课程资助项目（XYZL2014-13）
参考文献
[1] 钟其鹏.近三十年来本科毕业论文环节教学研究述评[J].钦州学院学报，2010（2）：79-83.
一、毕业论文正文
1、毕业论文、文献综述、外文翻译及开题报告全部用计算机打印。
2、课题任务书装订在正文目录之前。
3、“目录”居中用四号黑体加粗，中间空12个字距。页码采用阿拉伯数字加“（）”右顶格止，前面加“………………”；汉字用五号宋体，英文及数字用五号TimesNewRoman；论文文本每页右上角有页码，用五号TimesNewRoman。
4、标题控制在20个汉字以内，居中用四号黑体加粗；如语意未尽，可以借副标题予以补充，置于标题下，前加破折号，用小四号黑体加粗。
5、按五号字空行后，居中用小四号宋体打印三行内容：学生：×××指导教师：×××三峡大学理学院
6按五号字空行并空2个字距后，用五号黑体打印“摘要：”，接着用五号宋体打印内容，篇幅控制在200字左右，换行时为自动换行，不空字距。中文摘要下方为英文摘要，用五号TimesNewRoman，“Abstract:”加粗。
7、换行空2个字距后，用五号黑体打印“关键词：”，接着用五号宋体打印内容，关键词由3—8个词或词组组成，各关键词之间用分号相隔。中文关键词下方为英文关键词(小写)，用五号TimesNewRoman，“Keywords:”加粗。
8、按五号字空行并空两个字距后直接五号宋体打印前言内容，不编序号。
9、按五号字空行后打印主体部分及总结。各层次标题一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号，不同层次的数字之间用“.”相隔，末尾数字后面不加标点，如“1”“2.1”“3.1.2”等；各层次的序号均左顶格起，后空1个字距接排标题。第1层次的序号及标题上下按五号字空行，用小四号黑体加粗，其它用五号宋体。论文中的表、图和公式按第1层次的序号编号，如：“表1.1”、“表1.6”……，“图1.1”、“图1.7”……（编号后空1个字距接排图名及表名），“公式1—（1）”、“公式1—（2）”……。图及表用小五号宋体居中排，图名和表名用小五号黑体加粗，分别置于图的下方和表的上方并居中排。公式一律用公式编辑器打印，序号标注在最后一行的最右边，前面加“………………”；公式换行时，只能在＋，－，×，÷，＜，＞等处换行，上下式尽可能在“＝”处对齐。
10、致谢、附录均左顶格起，不编序号，用小四号黑体加粗，上下按五号字空行，其后内容用五号宋体。附录有复印的图表，用16K纸单面复印，页边距与毕业论文稿纸一致，便于装订。
11、“参考文献”左顶格起（不编序号），用小四号黑体加粗，上下按五号字空行，其后内容用五号宋体。引用顺序号加“〔〕”左顶格起，后空1个字距后著录。著录顺序见《三峡大学毕业论文工作实施条例》P16或封二、封三。“〔〕”中顺序号与正文中顺序号一致（正文中按顺序在引用参考文献处用上标“〔〕”标明）。参考文献必须是作者亲自阅读过的发表在公开出版物上的文献。
12、毕业论文正文不少于1.5万字。
二、文献综述
由前言、主体、总结和参考文献组成。
第一页第一行左起顶格，用四号宋体打印“文献综述”。换第二行打印标题，格式见第一条1、4、5、8、9、11。文献综述不少于3000字（前言300字左右，主体2500字左右，总结100—200字），其中参考文献不少于15种。
三、外文翻译
1、外文资料用16K纸单面复印或打印，页边距与毕业论文稿纸一致，便于装订。
2、译文：第一页第一行左起顶格，用四号宋体打印“外文翻译”。换第二行打印标题，格式见第一条1、4。标题为原文标题的中文译文，作者是华人时，署名为中文，否则，署名为英文名。(格式与第一条对应部分相同)。
3、装订时，原文在前，译文在后。
4、外文翻译不少于3000汉字。
