时间：2022-10-26 12:14:28
开篇：写作不仅是一种记录，更是一种创造，它让我们能够捕捉那些稍纵即逝的灵感，将它们永久地定格在纸上。下面是小编精心整理的12篇八年级下册英语，希望这些内容能成为您创作过程中的良师益友，陪伴您不断探索和进步。
( ) 1. Mo Yan is one of most popular writers in the world. He was honest boy when he was child.
A. a; a B. a; an C. the; a D. the; an
( ) 2.I’m a teenager and I don’t play with soft toys any longer.
A. no longer; / B. no; longer C. / ; no longer D. no; any longer
( ) 3. ---How long your uncle this personal computer ?
--- Since ten years ago. He wants to buy a new one.
A. have; had B. has; bought C. have ; bought D. has; had
( ) 4. Hurry up! The piano concert for five minutes.
A. had begun B. has been on C. has begun D. began
( ) 5. --- Long time no see your father! Where has he ?
--- He has Beijing for a month. He’ll be back next week.
A. been; been in B. gone; been C. been; been to D. gone; gone to
( ) 6. My mother used to the song “Where’s time going?” . Now she is used to it.
A. hating; listen B. hated; listened to C. hate; listening to D. hating; listening
( ) 7. The cleaner in Zhengzhou said, “ things we do, environment we’ll have” .
A. More; better B. The more; the better C. Fewer ; The less D. The fewer; better
( ) 8. Yu Gong didn’t need to move the mountains, He could think of ways to solve his problem .
A. other B. another C. others D. else
( ) 9. Mr Green isn’t here, He with his family home in England .
A. have been B.has been C.has gone back D.have gone
( ) 10. Kate was ill last week . But she is to go to school today.
A. good enough B.enough well C.well enough D.enough good
( ) 11. I have never read book that I can’t put it down .
A. such an excellent B. a such excellent C. such excellent a D. so an excellent
( ) 12. My headteacher saw her up some rubbish while he by .
A. pick; was passing B. picking; was passing C. was picking; was passing D. picking; passed
( ) 13. “How long will you this book?” said the librarian.
A. borrow B. buy C. keep D. have
( ) 14. --- Could you please help me the exercise books to the class? --- No problem.
A. take out B. give out C.work out D. put out
( ) 15. I'm new here. Could you please tell me ________?
A. what is the building used for B. when does the first class begin
C. where is the dining hall D. how many classes our school has
二、完形填空(15分)
Long long ago, there was a swan(天鹅)with golden feathers(金羽毛).She lived in a lake. A woman lived in a small house near the lake 1 her two daughters. They were very poor. They worked hard all year round, but still, they lived a 2 life and sometimes they even didn’t have enough money to buy food.
The swan was sad to see that. She said to 3 , “I’ll give one of my feathers to them each day, then they can live a happy life with the money selling my feathers.” That evening, she flew to the poor woman’s house and 4 a golden feather on the table without saying anything .From then on, the swam came every day and gave them a feather. The woman was very happy 5 their life was much better than before.
But day after day, the woman became greedy(贪婪).She said to her 6 .”The swan may fly away one day. If so, we will be poor again. We should take all her feathers when she comes next time.”
“Oh, no, Mom!” cried the daughters, “This will 7 the swan. She helps us a lot !”But the mother wouldn’t listen. When the swan came as 8 , the mother caught her and took all her feathers. But suddenly, the golden feathers 9 chicken feathers.
Then ,the Golden Swan said, “Poor Mother, I came to help you, but you wanted to kill me. Now, I am leaving and will never come back. Never be greedy!” With these 10 , the swan flew away.
( )1. A. for B. with C.without D. on
( )2. A. hard B. good C. happy D. easy
( )3. A. her B. herself C. them D. myself
( )4. A. gave B. brought C. returned D. left
( )5. A. because B. while C. after D. unless
( )6. A. sons B. husband C. daughters D. sister
( )7. A. hurt B. save C. protect D. refuse
( )8. A. general B. usual C. normal D. common
( )9. A. heard of B. looked for C.changed into D. came from
( )10. A. letters B. words C. thoughts D. Sentences三、阅读理解(40分)
A
Mr. and Mrs. Turner live outside a small town. They have a b ig farm and they are always busy working on it. Their son, Peter, studied at a middle school. The young man studied hard and did well in his lessons. It made them happy.
Last month Peter finished middle school and passed the entrance examination (升学考试). Mrs. Turner was very happy and told the farmers about it.
Yesterday morning the woman went to the town to buy something for her son. On the bus she told one of her friends how clever and able her son was. She spoke very loudly. All the people in the bus began to listen to her.
“Which university (大学) will your son study in?” a woman next to her asked.
“In the most famous university in our country!” Mrs. Turner said happily.
“The most famous university?”
“Oxford University (牛津).”
Most of the pas sengers (乘客) looked at her carefully. Some of them said to her, “Congratulations!”
A woman said, “I'm sure he'll know Fred Smith.”
“Who's Fred Smith?”
“He's my son.”
“Does he study in the university, too?”
“No, ”said the woman. “He is one of the professors.”
( )l. The story happened in ________.
A. America B. France C. Germany D. England
( )2. Mr. and Mrs. Turner were happy because ________.
A. their son did well in his lessons B. they have a big farm
C. they h ave a good harvest D. their son studied at a middle school
( )3. Mrs. Turner wanted everyone to know ________.
A. her son finished middle school B. her son was handsome
C. her son wa s going to study in a university D. her son was very friendly to others
( )4. Mrs. Turner spoke so loudly in the bus that __________.
A. her friend could hear her B. all the people could hear her
C. she hoped to make all the people happy D. she hoped they would say congratulations to her
( )5. Which of the following is true? __________.
A. The woman wasn't interested in Mrs. Turner's words B. Mrs. Turner knew nothing about the famous university
C. The woman wanted to stop Mrs. Turner from showing off (炫耀)
D. The woman next to Mrs. Turner wanted to show off her son, too
B
If you have no special plans for your holidays, why not spend your time helping others?
Don’t listen to people who say the young people today often think only of themselves. It’s not true at all. More and more people in the USA volunteer to spend their school holidays working for others. And they don’t do it for money. Here are some of thei r stories.
Alice Hamilton, 17
I’m going to help the Forest Centre build new hiking paths in the mountains. It’s going to be terrific—I’ll spend the whole summer living in the tent and breathing the clean mountain air. I’m going to sleep under the stars. It’ll be a nice sport, and I’ll be able to do something good at the same time.
Jason Moore,18
This summer, I’m going to volunteer with Special House Program. They build good, low-cost houses and sell them to families that are not very rich. They’ll teach me what to do, so I’ll help people and also have a chance to learn how to build houses.
Trish Anderson, 16
I’m going to teach kids who have trouble reading. I’ll work for a program called Reading For Life. Every d ay, I’m going to help kids choose and read books that they like. I want to be a teacher and I love children and reading, so this is going to be a great experience for me.
( )6. Young people in the USA volunteer to spend ___ helping others.
A. school holidays B. Weekdays C. every morning D. every afternoon
( )7. What does Alice volunteer to do in summer?
A. To breathe the clean mountain air B. To spend the whole summer living in the tent
C. To sleep under the stars D. To help build new hiking paths in the mountain
( )8. From the passage, we know that Special House Program helps .
A. children in poor families B. workers who build houses
C. poor families can’t afford houses D. build hiking paths
( )9.______ wants to be a teacher.
A. Alice Hamilton B. Jason Moore C. Trish Anderson D. none of them
( )10. Which is the most possible title for this passage?
A. Reading for life B. A Special House Program
C. The Forest Centre D. Young American Volunteers
C
Friday，March 30th
Our trip to Chiang Rai was long and boring. We visited a small village in the mountains. The village people here love the quiet life -- no computers or phones. They are the kindest people I have ever met. They always smile and say “hello”. Kathy and I can only speak a few words of Thai, so smiling is the best way to show our kindness. I feel good here and hope to be able to come back next year.
( )11. The diaries above show the writer’s _________days in Thailand.
A. 3 B. 7 C. 15 D. 30
( )12. It seems that visitors _________ in Bangkok.
A. often feel hungry B. can always find cheap things
C. can’t take any photos D. can enjoy themselves
( )13. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Chiang Mai is a beautiful city in the south of Thailand. B. The writer left Chiang Mai for Chiang Rai by bus.
C. Chiang Rai is a boring city in the mountains. D. The writer is traveling alone in Thailand.
( )14. The people in the village _________.
A. are friendly to others B. like to speak English
C. are very weak D. hope to live in the cities
( )15. The best title of this article is_________.
A. My First Travel B. The Outside World
C. Traveling in Thailand D. A Country on the Train
D
James Michener, a famous American writer donated at least 90 per cent of what he made from his 43 novels. He seemed to donate more than this. At his death, in October 1997, he had gave away US$ 117 million.
Michener made a good example, not just in how much he gave, but in his style of giving. The writer worked hard at doing good (行善). He usually follows up his donations to see how the money was used and he had a lot of fun in doing so.
Michener was 90 when he died. He was the only writer on the list of American’s top 25 philanthropists (慈善家). He gave his donations to the college he went to. Michener gave to his college-–US$72million to Swarthmore. He said, “I am from a family without any money, the college made me from darkness into light.’’
Michener was married three times, but he had no children. For his last 15 years, he lived quietly in Austin, Texas. He moved there to write the 1,000-page novel. The film called South Pacific was inspired (改编))by his first book，Tales of the South Pacific, written when he
was 40.
( )16. Michener died in __________.
A. 1991 B. 1994 C. 1997 D. 2000
( )17. Michener cared about __________ after he donated.
A. how much money he gave away B. how the money was used
C. when the money was given back D. how much fun he had
( )18. Michener came from a __________ family.
A. rich B. poor C. big D. small
( )19. What’s the name of the college which Michener went to?
A. Austin B. Texas C. Oxford D. Swarthmore
( )20. He wrote his first book __________.
A. when he moved to Austin. B. in his last 15 years.
C. when he was married for the third time. D. at the age of 40.四、词汇运用(10分)
with language understand use if make kind help another in they unless
There are a lot of 1 in the world. But the most widely spoken language is English. Many people u___2___ and use it all over the world. Indeed, English is a very important and language. ___4_____ we know English, we can hardly travel anywhere and we will have difficulty 5 ourselves understood. English is greatly used in study of all 6 of subjects. Several books are written 6 English every day to teach people many useful things. Therefore, the English language has 8 to spread(传播) knowledge to all parts of the world.
English has also served to bring together the different peoples of the world by helping 9 to talk with one 10 .
1. ________2. _________3. __________ 4. __________ 5.__________
6.___________7. __________8. ____________9. ____________ 10._________
五、补全对话(5小题，每小题2分，共10分)
根据下面的对话情景，在每一个空白处填上一个恰当的句子，使对话的意义连贯、完整。
A: Have you heard that we are going to have an English speech contest next month?
B: Yes. 76._____________________________________?
A: Yes, of course. You know I love English and I’m good at spoken English.
B: I know it’s a piece of cake for you. But 77.____________________________.
A: Take it easy. Practice makes perfect. 78._____________________________.
B: I hope so. 79._________________________________________?
A: Sure, I’d love to. The first thing is to choose a good topic. 80.________________?
B: Not yet. There are so many topics to talk about. I really don’t know which one is better.
Waiting for a long time vacation finally arrived, what should I do? Originally planned to play a big, but thought of the coming of the UPSR again, as if a stone weighs heavy on my heart.
The so-called "aspirants, race into", so I decided to study hard, hard work! In this way, I would get brilliant achievement.
Every day, I have to burn the midnight oil, the second day to re-read it again in case I forget, one thousand really tiring! Maybe even when I sleep, will dream about homework in front of the desk!
Carefully wanted to think, live a life the hell, I will be sorry! Finally, I made a holiday plan - "half a day, half bitter", this is the most fair plan! Start my holiday life!
等待许久的假期终于来临了，我该做些什么呢?原本计划好要大玩一顿，但又想到了UPSR的来临，心里仿佛有块石头重重地压着我。
所谓“有志者，事竞成”，所以我决定开始努力读书，刻苦耐劳!这样一来，我就会获取辉煌的成绩。
每天，我都得开夜车，第二天再重读一遍以防万一我忘记了，真累人呀!说不定连我睡觉时，都会梦到自己在书桌前温习功课呢!
仔细地想了想，过着这种地狱般的生活，我一定会不好受吧!最后，我重新制作了假期计划-“半天乐，半天苦”，这是最公平的计划了!开始我的假期生活吧!
五、选择填空
A. 从下面方框中选出与下列各句中划线部分意思相同或相近、并能替换划线部分的选项。
(共4小题，每小题1分，计4分)
A. in style B. one more C. return it D. took place
26. Let’ see another one on the line.
27. When will you give it back to me.
28. The murder happened about thirty years ago.
29. Her clothes are always fashionable.
B. 从各题的A、B、C三个选项中选择正确答案。 (共17小题，每小题1分，计17分)
30. There ____ a meeting at 4 o’clock this afternoon.
A．will have B．will be C．will to be
31. The man doesn’t have ____, so he is _____.
A．enough friends, lonely enough B．friends enough, enough lonely C． enough friends, alone enough
32. Mother ____ while father ______ his car.
A．was cooking, washed B．cooked, was washing C．was cooking, was washing
33. I was never ______receive a _______result from my science teacher.
A．surprised, disappointed B．surprised, disappointing C．surprising, disappointed
34. You are tired. ______a rest?
A. Why stop to have B．Why not stop to have C．Why not stop having
35.---What did your son say in the letter?
---He told me that he ______the Great Wall the next day?
A．will visit B．has visited C．would visit
36. --- ____borrow your dictionary?
--- Yes, you can ____ it for two days.
A．May, keep B．Can, borrow C．May, borrow
37.--- Didn’t the sleeping pills work?
---_____. I slept well last night.
A．Yes, they do B．Yes , they did C．No, they didn’t
38. Lisa was supposed ____ her homework before nine o’clock. But she couldn’t.
A．to finish B．to finishing C．finishing
39. ---I’m sorry I _____my exercise book at home.
---Don’t forget ____it here tomorrow, please.
A．forgot, to take B．left, to bring C．left, to take
40. _____ useful invention the computer is!
A．What a B．What an C．How a
41. I don’t know if she _____. If she_____, let me know.
A．comes, comes B．will come, comes C．comes, will come
42. We ____1000 English words since we ____ to this school.
A．lean, come B．have learning, came C．have learned, came
43. ---Would you please ____ football near my home?
---___________.
A．not to play, No B．not play, Yes, I will do that again C．not play, Sorry, I won’t do that again
44. Mr. Green told us ____ too much time_____ reading novels.
A．don’t take, on B．not to take, in C．not to spend, in
45. Neither the students nor the teacher ____ the answer to the question.
A．know B．knows C．doesn’t know
46. Mr. Jack ____China for several years.
A．has been to B．has come to C．has been in
B. 补全对话。根据对话内容，从右边方框中选出适当的选项补全对话，并将选项的编号字母依次填写在答题卡相应的位置上。(共4小题，每小题1分，计4分)
A. I will be an astronaut.
B. I will fly rockers to the space.
C. What do you think your life will be like in the future?
D. But where will you live?
L: Do you know Shenzhou-9 has been set up into space successfully?___47.___
K: I think _____48_______
L: An astronaut? Are you kidding?
K: No, I am serious. Perhaps we will have personal rockets. ____49____May be there will be flights to other planets.
L: Oh, that sounds great!_____50_____
K: I will live on a space station.
L: I think it will be very interesting.
K: I’m sure.
六、完型填空。分别通读下面两篇短文，根据短文内容，从A、B、C三个选项中选出可以填入空白处的正确答案。 (共20小题，每小题1分;计20分)
A.
Not long ago, there was a story in Russia about ZHOYA and SHULA. They were sister and brother. They were in 51 same class of a middle school. They studied hard. They were 52 strict 53 themselves. Their homework was given the day before. SHULA was clever. He had done his homework earlier. But ZHOUYA hadn’t yet. The next afternoon she went on doing hers.
SHULA thought his sister maybe couldn’t finish some of the exercises. So he put his exercise-book with answers on his sister’s desk before ZHOYA came in the classroom, and went out quietly to play. A few minutes later, ZHOYA came in and saw her brother’s exercise-book on her desk. But she had never looked at it all. She sat on her seat, thinking and thinking. Five minutes, ten minutes, half an hour had ___54 . An hour and a half 55 , she worked out all problem at last and handed it in on time that afternoon. How happy she was!
“Why not copy my key down in 56 , sister?” asked SHULA with a smile. “No, I didn’t. I must use my head and try my 57 to 58 all by myself. I’m sure, I can 59 a way. I don’t like to be lazy in 60 homework,” answered ZHOYA.
51. A．a B．an C．the 52. A．both B．either C．all 53. A．on B．with C．in 54. A．past B．pass C．passed 55. A．later B．late C．latterly 56. A．you B．yours C．your 57. A．good B．better C．best 58. A．work them out B．work out them C．work them off 59. A．look for B．find C．found 60. A．doing B．to do C．done
B.
For many young people, becoming a professional athlete might seem like a dream job. __61 you become a professional athlete, you’ll be able to 62 by doing something you love. If you become famous, people 63 the world will know you. Many athletes give money to 64 , and do a lot of work to help people. This is a great 65 that many people do not have.
However, professional athletes can also have many 66 . if you are famous, people will 67 you all the time and follow you everywhere. This can make life difficult.
If you play sports 68 a living, your job will sometimes be very dangerous. Many professional athletes 69 . And if you become rich, you will have a difficult time knowing 70 . In fact, many famous people complain that they are not happy. They say they were happier before they became rich and famous.
61. A．If B．What C．How 62. A．doing a living B．do a living C．make a living 63. A．over B．all C．around 64. A．hospitals B．charities C．old people’s homes 65. A．topic B．influence C．chance 66. A．problems B．advice C．tragedy 67. A．look B．watch C．know 68. A．from B．in C．for 69. A．injured B．get injured C．get painful 70. A．who are your real friends B．who your real friends are C．what your real friends are
第三部分 阅读理解 (共15小题，计30分)
七、阅读下面短文，根据短文内容判断句子正误。正确的涂“A”，错误的涂“B”。(共5小题，每小题2分;计10分)
Do you remember your dreams? Do people have the same dream? Why do we dream? There are many questions about dreams. We dream during the REM (rapid (快的) eye movement stage (阶段) of sleep. We have about five periods of REM sleep during the night. The first REM cycle (周期) lasts about 10 minutes.
As the night goes on, the REM cycle gets longer. By early morning, the REM cycle can last up to 90 minutes. Usually it is in this last REM cycle that we remember our dreams.
Dreams change as people age. People may have several dreams each night. Some are like films and usually in color. They come to us over and over again. That may be because the dreamer is worrying about something and trying to find the answer. Sometimes we wake up with a good feeling from a dream. But often we can't remember the dreams clearly.
It is reported that too much dreaming is bad for our health. The more we sleep, the longer we dream. The mind is hard at work. That is why we may have a long sleep and feel tired when we wake up.
( )71. We dream during the REM stage of sleep.
( )72. Children aged eight or nine have the same dreams as people aged thirty.
( )73. All the dreams are usually in color like films.
( )74. The longer we dream, the better we sleep.
( )75. Too much dreaming is bad for our health.
ABBBA
八、阅读下面两篇短文，根据短文内容选择正确答案。(共10小题，每小题2分;计20分)
A.
One morning, a blind (瞎的) boy sat on the steps of building with a hat by his feet. He held a sign which said, "I am blind, please help me."
There were only a few coins in the hat. A man was walking by. He took out a few coins from his pocket and dropped them into the hat. He then took the sign, turned it around, and wrote some words on it. He put the sign back so that everyone who walked by could see the new words.
Soon the hat began to fill up. A lot more people were giving money to the blind boy. That afternoon the man who had changed the sign came to see how things were. The boy recognized his footsteps and asked, "Are you the one who changed my sign in the morning? What did you write?"
The man said, "I only wrote the truth. I said what you said, but in a different way."
What he had written was, "Today is a beautiful day, but I cannot see it."
Do you think the first sign and second sign were saying the same thing?
Of course both signs told people the boy was blind. But the first sign simply told people to help by putting some money in the hat. The second sign told people that they were able to enjoy the beauty of the day, but the boy could not enjoy it because he was blind.
The first sign simply said the boy was blind, while the second sign told people they were so lucky that they were not blind.
There are at least two lessons we can learn from this simple story.
The first is: Treasure (珍惜) what you have. Someone else has less. Try your best to help those who need your help.
The second is: Be creative. Think differently. There is always a better way.
76. From the passage we know that _____.
A. the boy always has hat on his head.
B. the man is one of his friends.
C. the boy is blind and needs help.
77. On the sign the man wrote some words which said, "_____."
A. He is blind. Please help him.
B. Today is a beautiful day, but I cannot see it.
C. We are so lucky that we are not blind.
78. According to the passage, which of the following is true?
A. The hat began to fill up after the man wrote some words on the sigh.
B. The man took away the few coins from the hat.
C. The boy pretended to be blind, for he didn't want to go to school.
79. The underlined word "recognized" in the passage means _____.
A. 知道 B. 懂事 C. 辨认出
80. According to the writer, from this simple story we can learn:
A. Be creative. There is always a better way.
B. Be kind to the blind.
C. Don’t’ always get, but offer.
B.
Mr. Jenkins is a farmer. One day he drives his truck to town and on the way his truck knocked down a boy and hurt(弄伤) him. He takes the boy to a hospital and he pays a lot of money for that, but the boy’s parents want to get more money from him, so they say their son can’t lift(举起) his right arm above his head.
Mr. Jenkins’ lawyer comes and asks the boy some questions. “Now, my boy,” he says, “Mr. Jenkins’ truck knocks you down in the street.”
“Yes, sir,” he says.
“And you can’t lift your right arm now?”
“Yes, sir,” he says.
“Could you show how high you can lift your right arm?”Slowly the boy lifts his right arm before his nose.
“Poor boy,” says the lawyer, “And how high can you lift before the accident?”
“Oh, I can lift it very high.” Says the boy, and the right hand goes up high above his head.
81. Mr. Jenkins’ truck knocks down ________.
A. a lawyer B. a boy’s father C. a boy
82. The boy’s parents want to get ________ from him.
A. more trucks B. more money C. more monkeys
83. Mr. Jenkins’ lawyer asks the boy to ______.
A. ask some questions B. answer some questions C. lift his left arm
84. The boy says he can’t lift his _________ now.
A. right arm B. left arm C. right foot
85. There is _______ wrong with the boy.
A. something B. anything C. nothing
B 卷(非选择题;50分)
一、完成对话。在对话空格中填上适当的单词，使对话完整正确;一空一词(含缩写词)。(共10小题，每小题1分;计1分。请将所有使用的单词直接填写在答题卡相应题号的位置上)
A: Hi! Welcome to my house, Millie! Let me show you 1 it.
B: Thanks, Andy. I saw the photo of your house before. It’s great than on the photos. It’s quite 2 from my flat in Beijing.
A: Come here. This is my 3 .
B: Oh, it is very big. You have a very large bed in your room. That 4 you can stay with your friends in the room.
A: Yes. And I have a wardrobe. It is 5 the desk and window.
B: Where is your sitting room。
A: Come with me. We have many things in it, such as TV, sofa etc.
B: Where do you do your homework?
A: In my study. Look, I have a computer. I can 6 me with my lessons.
B: Do you have your 7 bathroom?
A: Yes, it’s over there. Now let’s go to the garden.
B: Oh, there are so many 8 beautiful flowers. Who grows 9 ?
A: My mother.
B: I hope to have a house like 10 .
二、短文填空。从下面方框中选出10个单词，并将其正确形式填写在答题卡相应题号的位置上，使短文意思正确通顺(每词限用一次)。(共10个小题，每小题1分;计10分)
somebody final tower how must care
call interesting like fix have happen
I often dreamed about Pisa when I was a boy. I read about the famous building 1 the Leaning Tower of Pisa. But when I read the word Pisa, I was thinking of pizza .I thought this tower was a place to buy pizza. It 2 be the best place to buy pizza in the world, I thought.
Many years later I 3 saw the Leaning Tower. I knew then that it was Pisa and no pizza. But there was still something special about it for me .The tower got its name because it really did lean to one side. Some people want to try to 4 it. They are afraid it may fall over and they don’t like it leans over the city.
I do not think it’s a good idea to try to fix it. The tower probably will not fall down. It is 600 years old. Why should anything 5 to it now? And, if you ask me, I like what it looks 6 . To me it is a very human kind of leaning. 7 is perfect. It seems to say.
And who 8 ? Why do people want things to be perfect? Imperfect things may be 9 . Let’s take the tower in Pisa. Why is it so famous? There are many other older, more beautiful 10 in Italy. But Pisa tower is the most famous. People come from all over the world to see it.
三、阅读表达(共20小题;计15分)
A. 阅读排序。阅读下列各句，根据其句首或首段提示，请将选项A-E按其内容重新排列顺序， 使其构成意思完整正确、逻辑顺序合理的语篇。(共10小题，每小题0.5分，计5分)
Do you know the game “Rock, paper or scissors”?Maybe you think it’s just a simple game for children. But in fact, some adults use it to make decisions and solve their problems. It is also popular in many countries.
1._______2.________3_______4_________5_________
There is even an international club named the World Rock Paper Scissors Club in Toronto. The club makes “Rock, paper or scissors” more and more popular. It holds the world championship (锦标赛) every year. Top players from around the world take part in it and the champion (冠军) can get a lot of money and the honor of all the fans of “Rock, paper or scissors”.
A. In 1842, England founded the Paper Scissors Stone Club.
B. Later it came to Europe in the middle of the 18th century.
C. From then on people could get together to play the game for honor (荣誉)
D. There are different stories about the history of the game.
E. But many people believe the game came from Japan, and Japanese have played it for a long time.
B.根据短文内容，从短文后的选择中，选出5个适当的选项补全短文(共5小题，每小题1分;计5分)
Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. 11 .
When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my weding and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped " Address (地址) Unknown. ” 12 .
Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share happiness of my children and then grandchildren 13 There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.
One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman — Linda’s married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but J still wrote to her.
She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs Tobin!” 14 Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. 15 And there’s one thing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!
A. she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother. ”
B. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died.
C. We did everything together: piano lessons, movies, swimming, horseback riding.
D. Now the empty place in my heart is filled.
E. I missed her so much that I always burst into tears.
F. I had no idea how to find Linda.
C.阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，完成表格中所缺的信息，(共5个小题，每小题1分;计5分)
All my friends at school smoked. My dad smoked, he didn't want me to smoke, but my friends kept saying I was stupid.They asked when I was going to grow up. So I started to smoke when I was sixteen and after a month I couldn't stop. But two years later I could feel what smoking was doing to me. I couldn't run far, and I coughed every morning. I got very ill and decided to stop. It wasn't easy, but now I've done it, and I feel better. Now I have money for other things.
If you smoke, you are twice as likely to die from a heart attack. And the more you smoke, the earlier the heart attack is likely to be. For example, a 50-year-old person who smokes more than 20 cigarettes a day, is four times more likely to have heart disease than a non-smoker of the same age.
What does smoking do to the heart? First of all, it makes the heart beat faster and increases the blood pressure. The cigarette smoke also reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. Consequently, the heart has to work harder, with less oxygen. Finally, your arteries will narrow faster if you smoke.
So if you want to reduce your chances of getting heart disease, the answer is easy, not to smoke. Don't copy your friends and other people who smoke. If you smoke, find out how to stop. Stopping isn't easy, but you'll be healthier.
Why I started smoking all my friends at school smoked and they 16 me. When I started smoking at the 17 How I felt while smoking I wasn’t 18 far and cough every morning. What smoking do to heart It makes the heart beat faster and increase the blood pressure.
it reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood.
your arteries will narrow faster because of 19 20 I kept smoking for over two years 四、书面表达(计15分)
假如你是王琳，你在英国的朋友John来信说他正面临选择，他不知道下一年是继续上学还是成为一名职业歌手。以下是他本学期的成绩单，请帮他分析一下并提出你的建议。80-100词
John’s report card
Subject Grade Comments: Math: B hard-working
lazy student
can do better
good student Spanish: C Science: C History A
要求：
1. 描述成绩单
2. 帮他分析继续上学和成为职业歌手的利弊
3. 提出你的建议
4. 邀请暑假到中国来。
【参考答案】
选择填空
A.26-29 BCDA
B.30-35 BACBBC 36-40 ABABA 41-46 BCCCBA
C.47-50 CABD
完形填空
51-55 CABCA 56-60 BCABA 61-65 ACCBC
66-70 ABCBB
阅读理解
71-75 ABBBA 76-80 CBACA 81-85 CBBAC
完成对话
1. around 2. different 3. bedroom 4.means 5.beside 6. help 7. own 8. kinds of 9. them 10. yours
短文填空：
1. called 2. must 3. finally 4. to fix 5.happen 6. like 7. Nothing 8. cares 9. more interesting 10. towers
*以上每小题1分;用词意思正确给0.5分，形式正确再给0.5分
阅读表达：
A. 阅读排序 1-5 DEBAC 6-10 ECADB
B. 补全短文 11-15CFBAD
C. 完成表格
16. laughed at
17. age of sixteen
18. able to run
19. smoking
教科书 问题 改进
2012年秋季开始，人教社《历史与社会》教科书由修订版取代使用了近十年的实验版，但由于诸多因素的影响，该修订版教科书仍存在瑕疵。我们在静态研读与动态教学的基础上，梳理出修订版《历史与社会》教科书在标题、导语、内容、语言、设问等层面存在的一些问题，并作出合理修正，以期完善教科书，使其在综合性课堂教学中发挥重要的作用。
一、标题的规范性
1.内涵过大
如八年级下册教科书第2页标题《明清帝国的兴替》，其中“兴替”二字意思是指“兴盛与衰废”，参见《新唐书・魏征传》中“以古为鉴，可知兴替”，故而用在此处，意即明清帝国的兴盛与衰废。而无论如何教科书是无法用一课时内容承载如此宏大的命题的，课文也确实只着力论述了明朝的兴衰，然后再简单交代了清政权的建立及统治初期的社会面貌。
改进建议：本课标题可改为《明的兴亡与清的建立》。
2.概括不准
七年级上册教科书综合探究三中的标题《评析区域的自然条件》，“评析”二字不妥。理由：“评析”即有评价、有分析，而课文利用三幅图表――“南非的地形”、“南非的气候类型”、“有关南非的报道”来帮助我们认识南非的自然环境特征。教科书对三幅图和表进行了充分的分析，但是不涉及对该区域自然条件的评价。
改进建议：该段落标题中的“评析”二字宜改为“分析”。
3.关系不清
八年级下册教科书第12页标题《文化专制与八股取士》，从该标题呈现来看，编者认为是并列关系。但研读教科书可知，课文从文字狱、四库全书编纂过程中大批书籍被销毁或篡改和八股取士三方面的内容说明了明清时期文化专制的不断加强。可见，“文化专制”包含了“八股取士”。
改进建议：标题应舍去“八股取士”，改为《文化专制》。
4.探究不明
八年级下册教科书第108页，综合探究八《结识近代中国最早“开眼看世界”的人》，下含《“西学东渐”寻踪》、《谁是率先“开眼看世界”的中国人》两个目标题。其中，《谁是率先“开眼看世界”的中国人》不合适，与探究课不符合，也与课的导语不符。该课的导语是：“……先进思想家、早期留学生以及走出国门的外交使臣，成为近代中国率先‘开眼看世界’的人。探寻他们认知西方的足迹，反思他们艰辛求索的苦旅，我们会更加体会到，近代中国人走向世界的路程有多么艰难”。显然，课文用意是通过了解谁是“率先‘开眼看世界’的中国人”，进而探究率先“开眼看世界”的中国人看了什么，有何发现与主张，影响如何，启发学生反思先辈的艰辛求索，使学生体会近代中国人走向世界路程的艰难。
改进建议：把目标题《谁是率先“开眼看世界”的中国人》改为《“开眼看世界”觅迹》，从而与前一目标题《“西学东渐”寻踪》相得益彰，契合了探究的主题。
二、内容的科学性
1.政权误用
八年级上册教科书第86页隋朝疆域图中的“高丽”和第88页“炀帝在位期间……多次发动攻打高丽的战争”中的“高丽”，均应改为“高句丽”。
理由是：高句丽统治年限为公元前37年-公元668年，高丽统治年限为公元918年-1392年，隋朝统治年限为公元581年-公元618年，可见，与隋朝同期存在的朝鲜半岛上的政权应为高句丽。
2.局部遗漏
八年级下册教科书第18页，《群星璀璨的晚明科学巨匠》：列举了四位生活在晚明的科学巨匠，课文对他们生活年代的描述如下：徐光启，明朝后期；宋应星，明末；徐霞客，与宋应星同时；唯独缺少对李时珍生活年代的说明，这不符合目标题的关键词“晚明”。
查阅资料可知，李时珍（1518年―1593年）是在1578年完成的《本草纲目》，课文对其的描述是“经过27年的艰苦努力，他最终写成《本草纲目》”。我们可以把“1578年”放入该描述中，以体现“晚明”。
改进建议：课文上述描述改为“经过27年的艰苦努力，他在1578年最终写成《本草纲目》”。
3.张冠李戴
八年级上册教科书第12页图1-16中，“刀”字的甲骨文写成■，事实上这是金文的写法。金文是指铸刻在商周青铜器上的铭文，也叫钟鼎文。与甲骨文相比，金文笔道肥粗，弯笔多，团块多。而甲骨文则笔道细、直笔多、转折处多。最早的甲骨文随着商亡而消逝，金文起而代之，成为周代书体的主流。
改进建议：编者应注意材料的出处，建议选用正确的甲骨文“刀”字写法：■。
4.观点争议
修订版七年级下册教科书第19页指出黄河中下游的分界处在桃花峪，而实验版七年级上册教科书则认为在孟津。在网络上查阅得知：2012年5月28日，洛阳孟津县面向社会公开征集“黄河中下游分界线”地理标志图稿，准备建主题公园。而几年前，郑州荥阳的桃花峪就竖立起了“黄河中下游分界线”界牌。我们认为应该是两地在涉及经济利益等方面考虑而出现的分歧。
改进建议：对于此类在社会上有争议的话题，教科书最好以设置阅读卡或备注等方式呈现分歧点，而不是搞一个折中意见，新旧版本各采用一种观点。
5.图文不搭
七年级下册教科书第32页针对台湾人文环境的思考题：阅读上面的文字说明，在下页中寻找合适的图片搭配起来。其中，关于“新竹”的文字说明：被称为台湾科技起飞的发动机，以高新技术开发而闻名。选用的图片是B：几棵树、一点草坪、一处房子局部、一块立着的牌子，图中文字模糊。显然这样的图片是无法与新竹这个城市的“科技”特点联系起来的。
改进建议：选用典型的能较好体现新竹“科技”特点的图片。
三、语言的严谨性
1.逻辑不符
八年级上册教科书第101页：“1004年，辽军大举进攻北宋，……有人主张迁都避让，宰相寇准坚决反对，力劝宋真宗亲征。宋军士气大振，射杀辽军统帅，……”学生容易困惑：宋军士气大振是因为宰相寇准力劝宋真宗亲征的行为本身，还是宋真宗亲征澶州前线的英勇行为？
根据史实，可修改如下：“当宋真宗下定决心、御驾亲征到达澶州城后，宋军士气大振”。
2.跨度过大
八年级下册教科书第6页：“17世纪下半期，蒙古草原西部的准格尔部在首领噶尔丹的统治下，发展为一支强大的割据势力。噶尔丹在沙俄的支持下，屡次向清朝政府挑衅。18世纪中期，清朝平定准格尔，统一了天山以北地区。”该段落文字对于噶尔丹挑衅清朝政府的结果也即康熙帝是如何应对的并无交代，直接就从17世纪下半期带到了18世纪中期，显得比较突兀。
根据史实，上文中“挑衅”两字后可修改如下：“康熙帝三次御驾亲征，指挥清军先后取得乌兰布通、昭莫多战役的胜利。1697年，内外交困中的噶尔丹暴死。但直到18世纪中期，清朝才平定准格尔，统一了天山以北地区”。
3.交代不明
八年级下册教科书第7页：“清军入关后，的佛教首领达赖五世亲自入京朝贺，清廷赐予‘达赖喇嘛’封号。后来，清廷赐予另一位佛教首领‘班禅额尔德尼’封号。”其中，对于另一位佛教首领是谁并无交代，这是不应该的。
根据史实，可修改如下：“1713年，清廷赐予另一位佛教首领五世班禅‘班禅额尔德尼’封号”。
4.前后不分
八年级下册教科书第92页：“是第二次前后爆发的运动”。第二次（1856年～1860年），运动（1851年～1864年），如此明确的两个史实发生时间，怎么能用模糊的时间“前后”来描述。
改进建议：删去“后”，是第二次前爆发的运动。
5.英汉混淆
八年级上册教科书中出现了不少历史人名、地名、族名等，编者给出了注音，以帮助我们正确认读。如：李悝（kuī），张骞（qiān），大月氏（zhī），许攸（yōu），贾思勰（xié），张（jì）。但也有许多注音不规范，如：纣（Zhòu）、镐（Hào）、偃（Yǎn）师、赢（Yíng）政、骊（Lí）山、垓（Gāi）下、氐（Dī）族、澶（Chán）州、郾（Yǎn）城。这些字词并非是在英语情景中作为专有名词，它们的第一个字母不需要大写。
改进建议：把以上不规范的字词注音的第一个字母均改为小写，如：纣（Zhòu）改为纣（zhòu），镐（Hào）改为镐（hào）。
6.单位不明
人教社各版本教科书对《》赔款一项的描述如下：历史与社会八年级下册第89页：赔款2100万元；初中历史八年级上册：赔款2100万元（备注：这里的货币单位元，是指西班牙银元。每枚重量在7钱2分至3分之间）；普通高中课程标准实验教科书《历史1（必修）》：赔款2100万银元。
可见，人教版各种教科书对于《》赔款数额无异议，但是单位显然不统一。《历史1（必修）》认为是银元，初中历史教科书备注中明确指出是西班牙银元，而修订版历史与社会教科书则干脆没有写明单位。据网上查阅台湾国立故宫博物院所藏《》原件，清廷赔偿英国“银数共二千一百万元”，由“洋银六百万元、洋银一千二百万元、洋银三百万元”三部分赔款组成。可见，赔款2100万元应是洋银无疑。另查阅资料可知，清代把外国流入的银铸币称为洋钱，把中国自铸的银币称为银元。19世纪中叶以前，在中国流通的洋钱以西班牙银元为主。而清朝官铸银元则始于1890年的广东省。因此，初中历史教科书的备注是可信的，《历史1（必修）》和修订版历史与社会则不妥。
改进建议：“赔款2100万元”改为“赔款洋银2100万元”。
四、设问的有效性
1.无视课标
教科书是依据课程标准而严格制定的，教科书的问题设置也应尽可能体现课标要求。
如七年级上册教科书第45页《语言与宗教》，针对图2-40世界语言的分布，设置问题：哪种语言是世界上使用人数最多的语言？哪种语言是世界上使用最广的语言？对应的课标是：1-1-3描述世界语言、宗教的分布。显然该处两个设问均与课标无关。
改进建议：如设问“英语主要分布在哪些国家和地区”。
2.展“标”不足
七年级上册教科书第49页针对图2-47亚洲的分区，设问：读上图，找一找下列国家分别位于亚洲的哪一个区域。对应课标：1-2-7综述世界上的国家和地区，了解大洲与国家、地区的对应关系。可见，该设问以亚洲为例，部分体现了课标指向，但不全面。
改进建议：在七年级上册教科书第48页图2-46国家与国旗的思考题后增加设问：依据上图并结合图2-8七大洲和四大洋，说出英国、俄罗斯、中国、埃及、加拿大、澳大利亚、新加坡、阿根廷等国家分别属于哪个大洲。
由于中考考点是依据课程标准和教科书而制定的，因此，加强对教科书的问题设置与课标对应性、对应度的研究，对于教师准确理解和把握中考考点、提升学生应考能力都有裨益。
3.图非精问
如针对七年级上册教科书第85页图3-69以色列的地形，问：“在左图上找一找以色列有哪些河流”。此处“哪些”二字不妥，因为图中只有约旦河。可见，对于教科书的图片素材，我们的设问应该精确。
改进建议：此处设问改为“在左图上找一找以色列有什么河流”。
本文是笔者近两年来对人教社修订版七、八年级《历史与社会》教科书存在问题的思考，期待同行们能深入研读教材，加深对教科书的理解，发现不足，完善课程，以更好地服务于学科教学。
参考文献
英语写作是英语语言技能之一，也是英语教学中的薄弱环节。笔者发现，不少教师在授课中较重视文本的讲解，忽视学生写作技能的培养，导致很多学生达不到？英语课程标准？（2011年版）的基本要求――五级写作能根据提示独立起草和修改小文章。笔者认为，改进教学策略，有效提高英语写作教学迫在眉睫。
一、英语写作的教学策略
教学策略是影响教学课堂质量和效果的关键变量。笔者认为，立足文本素材中的“词汇、句型、话题” 并加以挖掘运用，是提高英语写作教学的有效途径。
1. 立足文本，加强词汇运用
词汇量的缺乏，是学生写作中的一大障碍。词汇教学必须立足文本、挖掘资源，加强词汇的辨析、分类以及学习连词的运用。
（1）词汇辨析，巩固文本
英语有些易混淆的单词，如果不注意分辨，对于英语写作无疑会埋下隐患。
如《Go for it 》七年级下册Unit 2 Section B 文中出现“Take a walk through the park on Center Avenue.” 笔者利用图片和例句，详细辨析几个方位词汇：
He got into the room through the back door. （从物体内部穿过）
She walks past a bank every day. （从物体旁边经过）
Be careful when you go across the street. （从物体的表面上经过）
There will be a new bridge over the river. （从物体的上方越过）
有了初步的了解后，笔者又利用图片创设多种情境，让学生在辨析中造句，有效地把文本中的重点词汇转化为在写话中能恰当运用的词汇。
（2）词汇分类，复现文本
《Go for it 》八年级上册Unit 6出现如outgoing， calm， wild， serious， athletic等描写人物性格的形容词，而在七年级下册Unit 7曾出现如curly， straight， tall， medium， thin， good-looking，
heavy，等描写人物外表的形容词。笔者认为，发动头脑风暴让词汇分类，可以极大地促进发散思维。如下图：
以上练习激活了旧知，积累了新知，对于类似”My favorite teacher”等话题，同学们文思如泉涌。
（3）连词运用，贯通文本
学生英语写作中连词的缺乏，造成所写文章结构松散、缺乏逻辑性这一问题。笔者认为，教师应教会学生运用常见的连接词，如表并列有and， too，表转折用but， 因果有because， so，表让步有 although等。
2.基于文本，挖掘重点句型
除了掌握英语的五种基本句型之外，笔者认为，教师应挖掘文本素材中的重点句型，创设情境让学生模仿造句，设计话题和写作模块，让学生动手练习。
案例 以《Go for it 》八年级下册Unit 5B 3a“If I become an athlete， will I be happy？”为例，笔者把写作目标设定为：（1）能正确使用由if引导的条件状语从句及连词“and”的运用。（2）使学生使用本模块的重点句型描绘自己的梦想。
首先，呈现“医生”的图片，设问“What will you do if you become a doctor？”，让同学们使用if引导的条件状语从句想像当医生的职业利弊，注意倾听和纠错。
然后，设计表格要求学生写出由if引导的条件状语从句，并使用连词“and”。
最后，设计以“My dream”为话题的写作模块，让学生完成英语写作：
Being a/an ______（职业） is my dream. If I become a/an_____， I will be able to ______（优点1）.And if I become______，I will also ______ and ________（优点2）.
However， being a/an ______ can also have many problems. If I become a/an _______， I won’t ________（缺点1） because I _______（原因）.And if I become a/an _______，I won’t _______（缺点2），I will have a difficult time __________.
通过以上层层构思及实际操作，同学们在了解文本的同时，也掌握了时态运用、重点句型、连词运用及写作模块，可谓一举多得。
3.依托文本，巧设写作话题
写作话题直接影响到学生写作兴趣。笔者经常从以下三个方面进行设计。
（1）单元话题类
英语单元话题涉及广泛，具有系统性。笔者认为，教师可根据单元话题，巧妙地加以改编。以《 Go for it 》 七年级下册为例：
这些稍加改编的话题，源自文本，走入生活，激发了学生英语写作的兴趣。
（2）学生兴趣类
初中英语单元话题涵盖了家庭、学校、爱好、指路、季节、节日、健康、饮食、环保等方面，话题设计可以根据学生的兴趣而定。如《 Go for it 》九年级Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.笔者发现学生对家规、校规很有想法，抓住这一契机，我以“A letter to my ________”为题，让学生自己设计写作话题，写封信给父母、老师或校长，谈谈自己的心里话。
这种设计既符合了本单元的话题要求，又充分尊重了学生的兴趣和情感，极大地激发了学生的写作热情。
（3）教师引导类
新课标指出，英语课程承担着提高学生人文素养的任务。笔者认为，通过教师引导，英语写作能培养学生良好的品格和正确的人生与价值观。例如，新来了一位严厉的老师，同学们不喜欢他，我有意设计了“My new teacher”的话题，让同学们从观察、接近到了解他，发现严厉背后的敬业，最后喜欢上他的课堂。再如《Go for it》八年级下册Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music？ 课堂上我几次发现有手机响起，于是结合本单元的话题和这个不太和谐的环境问题，我要求学生就“学生能否在校使用手机”写调查报告。以下是一位同学完成的调查表。
关键词：信息技术 情境 手段 容量
将信息技术引进课堂教学，有助于激发学生的学习兴趣；有助于将抽象的东西形象化；有助于调动学生的感官，促进学生主动学习；有助于变革学生的学习方式；有助于丰富教师的课堂教学手段等。正因如此，各科教师更应为学科教学插上信息的翅膀，丰富课堂教学手段，利用新颖的内容刺激学生，调动学生学习的主动性。本文将结合初中英语课堂教学实例，分析信息化时代下的初中英语课堂教学，以便让更多的英语教师认识到信息技术的优势，并积极地把这一技术运用到教学中，努力提升教学实效。
一、利用信息技术，创设教学情境
在一个良好的环境下学习英语效果会更加明显。在传统英语教学中，很多教师依靠教具、语言来创设教学情境，虽然能起到一定的作用，但是没有将学生内心的学习欲望充分调动起来。如果英语教师能利用信息技术（如多媒体技术）创设教学情境，用新颖的图片、视频、歌曲等刺激学生的视听感官，可以起到事半功倍的效果。
例如，在学习初中八年级英语下册“Good manners”这一单元时，作者利用多媒体创设了如下教学情境：首先，利用幻灯片呈现一系列图片，主要包括课堂上、图书馆中的一些不良的行为举止；其次，引导学生围绕图片内容进行探讨。如What are these pictures about？ Can we talk in the class？ Can we make faces in the class？ What can we do in the library？ What can’t we do in the library？ 通过对以上问题进行探讨，让学生开始了解good manners的重要性，从而促使学生在公众场合注意自己的行为举止。
二、利用信息技术，丰富教学手段
教学手段是师生在教学中相互传递信息的工具、媒介或设备。在传统的初中英语课堂中，教师多用挂图、粉笔、黑板、教材等作为教学手段，课堂教学形式呆板僵化。长此以往，学生对英语课堂没有了期待，便逐渐丧失了学习英语的兴趣。而有了信息技术，可以有效丰富课堂的教学手段，让课堂教学焕然一新。
1.利用信息技术，增强课堂互动
有互动的课堂，才是有生气的课堂；有生气的课堂，才是新课改追求的课堂。在传统英语教学中，教师多利用问题与学生形成互动关系。那么，借助于信息技术，教师与学生之间会形成怎样的一种互动关系呢？英语课堂教学会不会因别样的互动而大有改观呢？答案是肯定的。信息技术具有很强的交互功能，因此，英语教师可以利用信息技术，增强课堂互动。
例如，在学习初中八年级英语上册“Natural disasters”这一单元时，作者成功利用信息技术，增强了课堂中与学生的互动。首先，作者设计了一个brain storm活动，让学生快速说出所知道的natural disasters。作者把学生所说的所有的自然灾害名称收集到黑板上。然后，请一个学生到讲台前，询问他想了解哪一个自然灾害的信息，然后利用互联网的搜索功能，共同学习。
再如，一名同学想要了解地震的相关信息，于是作者引导学生搜索出“汶川地震”和“唐山地震”的相关视频和新闻报道，共同学习与地震有关的知识。而学生则切实体验到了人机互动的新鲜感、震撼感，给学生带来不一样的学习体验。
在以上案例中，英语教师转换教学思路，从教师教什么转变为学生想要学什么，充分尊重学生的个性选择；同时，也利用了信息技术，与学生形成新的互动关系。
2.利用信息技术，完善课堂效果
在课堂教学中，教师利用何种教学手段，对课堂教学效果有着莫大的影响。信息化时代下，英语教师应充分利用信息技术，丰富课堂教学的内容和表现形式，调动学生参与课堂的热情，增强课堂效果。
例如，在学习初中英语八年级下册“Sunshine for all”这一单元时，作者利用信息技术开展课堂教学。
首先，利用图文结合的形式呈现社会中的弱势群体，引发学生的同情心的同时增强其对词汇的理解。如出示一张盲人的图片，对照英文“a blind person―a person who can’t see”；出示一张穷人的图片，对照英文“a poor person―a person who has little money”；再以同样的形式出示“a disabled person， an elderly person， a homeless person， deaf people”。在选取图片时，应注意选择形象、效果突出，能引起学生共鸣的图片。学生在看到这些图片后，不仅了解了社会上弱势群体的存在，也学习了相对应的单词（加深了对poor， blind， disabled， elderly， homeless， deaf的理解和印象），更激发了学生的同情心。
其次，给予学生充分讨论的时间。作者确定了一个主题：How can we help these people？ 学生围绕该主题，进行讨论，提出方案。有学生选择“homeless people”作为探讨主题，提出帮助方案，如We can give them food and clothes. We can write to the local government等。等学生提出观点后，作者利用多媒体大屏幕，呈现出一些帮助方案（节约板书时间），让学生对照自己提出的方案进行补充。
最后，作者再利用音频功能，播放课文录音，让学生听对话，抓住对话中心，练习听力。
总之，利用信息技术进行课堂教学，可以为教师节省很多板书的时间，也可以增强课文内容的表现力，有利于课堂教学效果的提升。
三、利用信息技术，扩大教学容量
信息技术未运用到课堂教学之前，课堂教学的容量非常有限。光靠教师语言的表述，在特定的时间内，根本无法传递很多的有效信息。而在信息化背景下，英语教师可以利用PPT、投影仪、视频、网页等，整合教学内容，扩大课堂教学的容量。一方面，将信息技术与课堂教学整合，可以为教师省下板书时间，为练习的讲解腾出更多时间；另一方面，二者的整合为学生传递了更多的学习信息，这对于学生视野的开阔是极有帮助的。
例如，在学习初中英语八年级下册“Online tours”这一单元时，作者设计了一个Flash，让学生增加对Internet的理解。Flash中的内容主要是“the different usages of the computer”，从“chat with friends”到“play games”， 再到“send and receive emails”等，让学生体验Internet的神奇。此外，作者还专门制作了computer发展方面的PPT，并利用插入文本功能，呈现更多的知识。
又如，在学习初中英语八年级下册“Past and present”这一单元时，作者利用信息技术，增加课堂教学的容量。如出示变化发展中的Kowloon Walled City的图片，形成对比，让学生感受变化，然后切入话题：Where is your hometown？ What have changed in your hometown？ 利用多媒体展示Kowloon Walled City的历史背景、风土人情等知识，以便让学生更好地学习Kowloon Walled City。
一、新瓶巧装旧酒，温故以引新
这种创设情境的方法注重新旧知识之间的联系，运用旧知识引出新知识，或者将新旧知识进行对比，把学过的内容在新的情境中再现，加深学生对知识的理解，促进学生温故而知新，从而丰富学生语言，培养他们活用语境的能力，如仁爱版英语七年级上册中，在教学whose引导的特殊疑问句时，教师为了让学生理解whose和who的区别和运用，反复运用句式“Who is……？”and“Whose is……？”如问一个被蒙面的学生：“Who is this？”学生回答“He/She is……”然后教师又问“Whose is this pencilcase？”学生回答：“It is Wang Yao’s.”这样，让学生反复地进行对比操练，学生在新的情境中就能很快掌握Whose引导的特殊疑问句。
二、音乐营造气氛，渐入学习佳境
贝多芬说过：“音乐是比一切智慧、一切哲学更高的启示。”一段富有表情的对话、短文，再配上优美的音乐，让静止的、一成不变的文字变成丰富多彩的对话交流情境，可以启迪学生的智慧，丰富学生的想像力，让学生感到学习的乐趣。仁爱版英语八年级下册中Unit 5 Topic 1 Section C，教师可播放优美动听的乐曲《The Soud of Music》，悦耳的歌曲营造轻松愉快的气氛，创设出家庭中欢快生活的情景，师生在情景中富有表情地开展教师自编的对话，让学生在不知不觉中进入学习佳境，从而轻松体验the Von Trapp family 的生活情景。
三、结合教材巧设“景”，身边事物皆角色
看得见摸得着的东西是学生最容易认知的。教师应该根据学习需要，尽量用一些易于准备的或家庭日用品作道具，特别是让学生和事物合理担当角色，结合教材内容巧设情景。如仁爱版英语教材八年级下册中的 Unit7 Topic2中，要求学生把家中的米饭、蛋、小锅、锅铲、菜饭等炊具带到课堂，并根据本文所需准备相应的食物进行情景对话。表演时，要求对话双方（Kangkang and his mother）都尽量用新学的词汇、短语和表示制作食物过程的表达来进行交流。这样，既让学生亲身体验了食物的制作过程，同时也让学生熟悉了对话内容。如：Mom， I will make fried rice for our food festival.First…，Then…，Next…，Fimally…等等。
四、生活场景当材料，加强互动练能力
生活中的小片段，电视栏目往往是情景模拟的好素材。如果要进行日常用语的教学，教师可引导学生来一次现场模拟“警察办案”“实话实说”等，让学生分别扮演警察和采访对象等，运用英语进行对答。例如，仁爱版八年级英语下册中的Unit6 Topic2，在学习过去进行时态时，可让学生几人一组搞一个警方对前一晚上盗窃案的调查活动，一人扮演警察，其余学生扮演群众（盗窃犯就在其中）。警察：What were you doing yesterday evening？群众：I was watching TV at home？或I was having supper in a restaurant…最后直到警察发现破绽找到真正的盗窃犯为止。这既训练了学生的口语，又增强了学生的生活体验。
五、现代手段恰当用，情景生动促高效
1. 设计英语预习任务，激发学生自主学习
教师们在每节课结束时，都会习惯性地布置学生进行新课的预习。在初中英语的课前预习时，通常学生只是认读单词、理解教材上的内容。简单单一的预习方式让学生逐渐失去了兴趣。在当前网络环境下，教师通过设计具有趣味性课前预习任务，让学生产生主动预习的兴趣，积极地进行自主学习。
例如，在学习外研版八年级下册英语的Module 9 Friendship时，教师为了调动学生预习的积极性，提升预习的效果，为学生设计了预习任务如下：通过网络渠道积累查找与“Friendship”有关的英语词汇，Introduce your good friend or write something about friendship. 初中生对网络比较熟悉，也愿意进行这种具有探究性的学习。一些学生在搜集有关“Friendship”的英语词汇时，先自己回想学习的知识，想到了“make friends with somebody（与某人交朋友）”，“encourage each other（相互鼓励）”，“honest （诚实的、坦率的），再由这些词汇借助网络平台搜集这些词汇的近义词，找到了“true； reliable； dependable； guileless”等一些单词，还找到了“dishonest， dishonorable”一些反义词，这些新的知识和新的学习方式让学生感觉比较有趣，预习也就更加积极。
由上例来看，利用网络平台和资源，为英语课堂预习提供学习资源，改变传统落伍的英语预习方式，引发学生的预习兴趣，主动自主学习，提升英语预习的实际效果。
2. 创新英语课堂活动，引导学生自主学习
网络汇聚了形形的信息资源，虽然存在着良莠不齐的情况，但是，经过认真的筛选，还是可以发现一些有价值的学习资源。在初中英语课堂教学时，教师通过网络下载一下有用的资源，包括视频、音频、图片、文档等资料，为学生的课堂学习提供支持，让学生合理科学地利用这些资源，高效地学习英语。
例如，在组织学生学习外研版八年级英语下册的Module 5 Cartoons一部分内容时，教师结合这一单元的内容，在网上搜索了一段《Kung Fu Panda》（功夫熊猫）英语卡通电影的精彩片段。学生们本身对这则动画片就比较熟悉，很快沉浸在视频当中。教师要求学生一边看一边思考，“列举出动画片当中你印象深刻的句子。” “谈一下你喜欢不喜欢功夫熊猫？为什么？”由于是带着任务，学生们看得聚精会神，津津有味，也比较顺利的完成了教师布置的任务。有学生惟妙惟肖地模仿动画片中的声音，“Your mind is like this water， my friend， when it is agitated， it becomes difficult to see， but if you allow it to settle， the answer becomes clear.”有的学生则记住了There is a saying， “Yesterday is history， tomorrow is a mystery. But today is a gift. That is why it’s called the present （the gift）.” 利用无处不在的网络为学生的英语自主学习提供了优质资源，提高学生英语学习效率。
由上例来看，教师需要对网络上的英语学习资源进行筛选、加工，通过多种形式呈现出来，引导学生的课堂自主学习，促使学生模仿、创造，主动参与，使课堂上的英语自主学习更加高效。
3. 促进英语课后互动，强化学生自主学习
英语学习离不开学生与学生、教师之间的有效互动，使之在交流中彼此影响，相互带动，实现共同进步。网络环境下，为师生、生生互动提供了有利的条件，通过一些交流工具，建立英语学习网上互动平台，教师通过精心组织，促使学生们进行线上互动，巩固课堂所学知识，强化自主学习效果。
例如，在学习了外研版八年级英语下册的Module 5 Cartoons内容之后，教师为了引导学生的课后自主学习，利用师生共同建立的微信交流平台，组织学生围绕着“What is your favorite cartoon？ What is your favorite cartoon character？Why？”这些问题进行线上讨论交流。有学生说：“I like the ‘Naruto’ in the Ming people， because he is a strong person.（我喜欢“火影忍者”中的鸣人，因为他很坚强。）”这个学生一说，后面有学生也跟着聊起来了，“My favorite cartoon is the Naruto.”通过这种方式，强化了学生英语自主学习的效果。
由上例来看，课后英语学习是学生掌握英语知识，提升英语学习效果的有效形式，也是学生开展自主学习的途径。网络环境让课后自主学习具有了互动平台，突破了时空限制，让学生在交流中得到更多的锻炼，优化学习效果。
一、改变“应试教育”固有观念
学生学习英语的本质是为了交际，所以用是语言学习的最终目的，。随着英语教改的深入，英语教师首先应更新观念，跳出应试教育的巢穴，明确英语课标要求培养学生运用英语进行交际的能力。故在教学实践中，应坚持用英语式语言进行教学，给学生做好榜样，并不断地熏陶学生，让他们尝试着用英语来思维、来创造。比如学生在交流中出现了语法错误，这是很正常的现象，不可随意批评，而是要体谅学生，用诸如“Never nind.”“You did a good job.”等句子进行鼓励。让他们满怀信心，积极、主动地融入到真实的教学情景中，从而提高了口语水平；在日常教学中，还应坚持使用课堂用语创设和谐的英语课堂氛围，与同学们进行口语训练，经过长期努力，从而带领学生走出应试教育的误区。
二、强化口语交际训练
兴趣是最好的老师。要想提高农村中学生的口语交际水平，首先要激发他们对英语学习的兴趣。学生一旦对英语产生了兴趣，就会自觉主动地参与各种英语学习活动。那么，如何激发学生英语口语交际的兴趣呢？首先在英语课堂上，教师应精心设计有趣的导入语和课堂用语，并根据学生的兴趣爱好，聊一些他们喜欢的话题。例如，在上人教版八年级下册“Unit7 What’s the highest mountain in the world？”这个单元时，我问学生“What’s the highest mountain in our town？”“What did you see on the San Tang Mountain？”由于三塘是学生的家乡，是大家熟悉的一个地区，因此学生有了兴趣，有话说，愿意说。为了减轻学生的思想压力，让他们敢于表达。尽管有的学生在说英语时不够准确，我也没马上纠正，而是让他们尽情交流，从而强化口语训练；另外，我还积极开展英语第二课堂，组织英语演讲比赛、英语话剧比赛、英文歌大赛、英语兴趣小组等课外活动，或邀请高年级英语口语流利的学生或教师设立“英语角”，帮助学生进行应用英语口语交际训练，从而提高英语交际能力。
三、创设英语口语交际情境
和谐的课堂氛围是培养农村中学生英语口语交际的重要条件。农村中学生与外界真实的英语语言环境接触少，大部分的口语练习都在英语课堂上，因此，教师应充分利用课堂时间给学生创设一个民主、宽松、和谐、自然的交际氛围，让学生能毫无顾忌，轻轻松松地表达自己的观点。例如在上八年级上册“How do you make a banana milk shake？”一课时，我把一些水果如苹果、梨、香蕉、西瓜和酸奶、牛奶、果汁加在一起带入课堂，让学生亲自操作、亲身体验水果奶昔的制作过程，并用口语介绍其操作过程，这样学生的学习兴趣就更浓了。再如上八年级下册“What’s the matter？”这一单元听说课时，我让学生上讲台表演各种不同动作，并用英语进行问答。这样的口语交际情境的创设，使学生积极参与，课堂气氛非常活跃。
四、开展形式多样的活动，提高学生口语交际水平
（1）坚持课前三分钟英语演讲。从七年级开始，每节英语课课前三分钟我会轮流让一名学生上台进行三分钟的英语演讲，演讲内容为他们感兴趣的任何话题，人人参与，帮助学生锻炼英语口语。
（2）角色表演。孩子都有展示自己的欲望，几乎每个学生都喜欢表演。我利用这一特点，在英语课堂上经常让学生表演各种英语情景，既能训练他他们的形体语言，又能锻炼口语能力，一举两得。
摘要：本论文根据笔者多年积累的些许体会，旨在阐述如何进行有效的初中英语中考复习，分别从单词、时态、单元等方面进行论述。
关键词：英语中考复习；单词时态；单元；融会贯通中图分类号：G633.41文献标识码：B文章编号：1672-1578（2014）10-0096-02眼下，初中英语面临着重大的复习任务，可以说，复习起着提纲挈领、融会贯通的作用，如何合理地利用时间？如何把初一到初三的知识点全面顾及？这些都起到非常重要的作用。笔者认为，一本书接着一本书，一个单元接着一个单元，这样的复习虽然显得详尽，但却没有合理利用时间，反而没有居高临下，顾及全面，使知识点支离破碎，使学生记忆混乱，效果往往不是很理想。那么，怎么样的复习方法可以比较完美解决以上问题？笔者认为，以点带面的学习策略能够迎合以上问题的解决方法。下面笔者就从单词、时态、单元等板块进行阐述。
1.单词
比如有关颜色、职业身份、动词形容词化的单词，复习的时候应该从初一到初三一览无遗，七年级上册学生学了有关颜色的有colour,red, yellow, green, blue, black, white；有关职业身份的有student,teacher,musician,actor；有关动词形容词化的单词有boring,exciting,interesting。初一下册学生学了有关这些方面的单词有：colorful,blonde, brown (有关颜色)， assistant,bank clerk, captain, guide, doctor, policeman, policewoman, shop assistant, singer, waiter, chief, reporter (有关职业身份), relaxed,surprised（动词形容词化的单词）。初二上册学生学了有关这些方面的单词有：有关颜色的词汇没有，有关职业身份的词汇有tourist, passenger, vistor, monitor, player, gymnast, pianist,champion, athlete, programmer, engineer, pilot, artist, reader, exchange student, performer，有关动词形容词化的词汇有excited。初二下册学生学了有关这些方面的单词有：有关颜色的词汇没有出现，有关职业身份的词汇有agent, attendant, barber, character, alien, Beijinger, collector, emperor, flight attendant, foreigner, hero, monster, terrorist, tutor, volunteer, waitress, winner, writer, lawyer, 有关动词形容词化的单词有amazing, annoyed, interested, bored, disappointing。 初三全册学生学了有关这些方面的单词有：有关颜色的词汇有pink, purple，有关职业身份的单词有learner, psychologist, head teacher, listener, auther, optometrist, director, farmer, fisherman, translator, sportspeople, veterinarian, chef, lead singer有关动词形容词化的单词有frustrating, terrified, fascinating, worried, tiring, thrilling, embarrassed, embarrassing,exhausted, convincing, confusing, misleading, disgusted。以上笔者以颜色等为例子进行阐述，那么其它类别的单词也同理类推。
2.时态
时态在英语教学中占有相当重要的地位，复习时态的时候，不要初一、初二、初三这样切割开来，笔者在复习的时候，常常把它分成两部分：现在时态、过去时态、将来时态。现在时态包括一般现在时态、现在进行时态、现在完成时态。过去时态包括一般过去时态、过去进行时态、过去完成时态。将来时态包括一般将来时态、过去将来时态。笔者在复习概括时态的时候，只用了一句话，一般情况下，时态由时间或相当于时间的副词决定，并且时态由动词体现出来。比如现在时态，He reads English every morning. He is reading English now. He has already read English.这三句中，表达时间的副词或状语分别为every morning、now、 already。所以第一句用一般现在时进行表达，它表示一般情况下发生的情况。第二句用现在进行时态，它表示说话时正在发生的情况，第三句用上现在完成时态，表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响，着重强调对现在的影响。在复习中，可以穿插相当量的习题进行巩固。其他类别的时态也同样道理。
3.单元
在单元复习过程中，尽量也做到顾及全面，初一到初三相关内容的单元也尽量串联一起进行复习，这样给学生以整体全面的感觉，便于他们合理利用时间，并且进行有效的记忆。比如，今年笔者在复习教学旅游度假这个话题，可以把人教版九年级Unit7 Where would you like to visit ?与初一初二有机地结合起来。这个单元围绕"Vacations"展开，让学生用"I'd like /love to…"和"I hope to…"等句型谈论各自喜欢的旅游胜地。笔者清楚地知道，学生在七年级中学习了"How was your weekend? Where did you go on vacation?",在八年级上册第三单元和第八单元已学过用一般将来时和一般过去时谈论"Vacations"这一话题，所以在教学这个单元的时候就抓住这个契机进行复习，从而以旧带新，甚至连初一的知识也带上。在七年级下册Unit9中,复习了How was your weekend ? It was terrible/great /very good. What did you/he/she/they do last weekend?I/He/She/They went to the beach.等句型，还有单词的过去式如am/is――was, are――were,go――went,clean――cleaned,do――did,have――had等。在Uint10中，笔者复习了一般过去时用法（特殊疑问句、一般疑问句及其肯定和否定回答），如：Where did you/he/she/they go on vacation?I/He/She/They went to summer camp/New York city.Did you/he/she/they go to Central Park? Yes, I/he/she/they did. No, I/he/she/they didn't. How was the weather? It was humid. How were the people? They were friendly.复习了单词museum,exam,really,rainy,were,expensive,delicious,cheap,water,cry,coner,make,made,feel,walk,back,decide,wall,palace,square等，八年级上册第三单元中，笔者复习了What are you doing for vacation ? Where are you going ? What time are you leaving ? How long are you staying ? Who are you going with ?等句型，以及go camping / hiking/sightseeing/fishing , how long,rent videos , a movie star,etc.还有一般将来时的用法。在第八单元中，复习了谈论过去发生的事情，回顾自己过去有趣的经历，正确运用一般过去时，如：Did you go to the zoo ? No, I didn't. I went to the aquarium.Did you see any animals ?Were there any sharks ?还有单词如aquarium, gift shop,souvenir等。通过一系列的复习，学生以往的漏洞或多或少地被弥补了，然后再把知识点串联起来,学生复习起来轻松多了，记忆起来简单多了。
以上是笔者根据以往的教学积累阐述有关中考复习的点滴体会，由于笔墨的限制，只阐述了三方面的复习策略，其实其他方面的知识也同样可以依照这样的思路去复习归纳，只要潜心专研，一定会有好的收获。参考文献：
[1]中华人民共和国教育部.英语课程标准（实验）[S].北京：北京师范大学出版社,2001.
关键词： 初中英语 情境 交流
情境化课堂是活化教学资源和优化教学过程的重要方式，能为学生获得多样化感知与真切化理解奠定坚实的基础。创设自由情境，使得学生在开放化背景下，主动探知英语和积极表达交流。创设自由情境，激活学生的英语学习内在动力，便于他们在主动表达的过程中形成正确的语言感知，帮助学生提高英语表达综合运用能力。学生独立自主表达英语，使得他们的思维在相互讨论交流的过程中不断激活，提高语言表达的准确性和综合性。
一、创设自由阅读情境，引导大声朗读
阅读是学生获得英语知识的重要渠道，也是调动他们综合语言学习感官的重要来源。引导学生根据阅读内容进行主动朗读表达，有效将他们的认知积累主动转化为实践表达运用。学生的大声朗读，更是他们获得深刻体验的必然需要。
创设自由阅读的情境，让学生在主动阅读和积极探知的基础上有针对性地朗读，有利于他们表达自己的理解感知和真情实感。例如在译林版八年级下册Unit 2“Travelling”的Reading A“A trip to Hong Kong”阅读教学中，可要求学生在自主阅读的基础上，围绕文章表达内容，就“Hong Kong is a beautiful and special place”和“How do you want to introduce Hong Kong？”等主动朗读，帮助他们从中找出相关有效信息。结合学生在朗读中的问题，鼓励学生就“What do you read from Hong Kong？”尝试运用自己的语言进行表述，以此加深理解感知。
通过创设自由阅读情境，使得学生带着新鲜感主动融入阅读，通过大声读出来加深理解感知。引导学生尝试运用文章中的相关词汇短语，就阅读理解感悟主动表达，让他们做主题演讲，最大限度地激活自身的内在情感思维。这样的朗读与表达，使得学生在广泛积累丰富的素材基础上，主动提出自己的意见，让他们在随心所欲的表达中深化理解。
二、创设和谐互动情境，鼓励大胆讨论
突出英语交际，引导学生在彼此和谐交流情境中主动表达，让他们将讨论的过程和想法通过自己的语言予以陈述，更能够吸引他们的学习注意力。通过和谐互动情境鼓励学生不受拘束大胆表达，更能够使得学生有全面感知。
学生在和谐情境中讨论，使得他们将自主表达激情主动融入自我表达过程中。如，在八年级下册Unit 5 “Good manners”的Reading“ When in Rome”教学中，可将教室布置成罗马的生活场景，建议学生就“How much do you know about Rome？”和“How are you going to introduce Rome to your friend？”进行同桌交流，让学生根据自己的语言文化知识积累主动表达。在此基础上，可为学生创设自由表达的良好情境，鼓励他们就“What do you do when meet others in Rome？”问题进行小组讨论，帮助他们根据文章表述内容进行自由讨论交流。教师还可要求学生进行Jenny和Daniel的角色对话，转变表达形式，以情景再现的形式，帮助学生整体文章，形成全面的认知印象。
指导学生在群体互动中讨论，引导他们自由表达自己的认知思维情感，使得他们的感悟变得更深刻，有利于他们有效展现自己语言学习认知思维过程。引导学生针对表达中问题，安排他们就探究的思维想法进行深入交换，帮助他们紧扣中心，自由、自然地表述相关意见和建议，形成更丰富的语言思维和表达情感。
三、创设友好对话情境，倡导平等沟通
让学生在友好的前提下，主动说出自己的想法，帮助他们在相互平等沟通的基础上，有针对性地提出观点，得学生在主动靠近教师的过程中产生更和谐的认知感。以友好对话情境建构为载体，有利于学生不断增强主动表达的强烈愿望。
友好对话情境创设，能够使得学生获得心理上的安全感和满足感。例如，在八年级上册Unit5“ Birdwatchers”的Reading“ Birds in Zhalong”教学中，教师可以平等协商的口吻，要求学生就“Why do the birds need place as Zhalong？”和“What do we should do for wild birds？”与教师进行平等沟通，帮助他们在主动说出自己的心中认知中展现学习思维，使得他们的表达更自然、自信。
教师应结合学生的学习不同，多为他们搭建自由展示的平台，鼓励他们就自己的疑问主动向教师提问，帮助他们获得更周全的认知。重视学生发展创新，针对学生的丰富想象思维，尝试通过形成评价的方式予以引导，鼓励他们主动向教师提问，形成更和谐、平等的师生关系。
如上所言，创设自由和谐的情境，鼓励学生在平等友好的环境中主动表达和大胆交流，使得他们将认知需要主动转变为情感体验。鼓励学生自由大胆表达，帮助他们在深入反思和主动交流中展现才能，更能够提升他们的英语表达综合运用水平。
参考文献：
[1]教育部.全日制义务教育英语课程标准（实验稿）[M].北京师范大学出版社，211.
[2]王冬永.让学生自由、自然、自主地快乐学习英语[J].文理导航（下旬），2014（10）.
【关键词】有意义；初中英语；合作；探知
奥苏贝尔认为有意义的学习是一种认知心理活动，是由符号所代表的新知识与学习者认知结构中已有的适当观念建立非人为的和实质性的联系。言外之意就是任何知识信息之间的传输需要借助一定的媒介进行，需要通过一定的合作探知进行深入融合，以此来建构彼此之间的有机联系。结合学生英语学习认知规律，从语言表达和合作探究的角度引导学生建构新知识，更能使得学生有丰富感知，便于他们在相互探知的过程中产生过共鸣与收获，提高英语表达准确性和地道性。
一、与教材对话，发现新鲜点
英语作为交际性语言，其表达的语意则是其中最为关键的要素。学生获得的语意大多来源于教材文本，于是与教材进行深度对话，了解作者、编者、角色等不同认知心理则是学生不可缺少的重要环节。引导学生与教材进行对话，摸清表达思维，对培养他们的自主探究好奇心起到一定作用。
带着好奇与教材对话，更能使得文本富有趣味。如，在译林版八年级英语下册Unit 4 A good read的“Reading Gulliver in Lilliput”教学中，围绕《格列佛游记》中的相关有趣事例，不妨建议学生发挥想象思维：If you were in Lilliput， what would you like to do？ 和If you were Gulliver’s friend， what would you like to give some information？以此来帮助学生找出教材中的相关信息内容。带着对教材文本的不同理解，学生除了要关注其中有趣的情节外，更多注重语法知识、语句表达等方面的内容，让他们能够有更多的新发现。
指导学生与教材文本进行对话，让他们在有针对性发现相关问题和信息的基础上获得更多深度认知，定能使得课程教学富有趣味性。引导学生围绕教材中的相关知识多做发散思考，帮助他们从直言碎语中找出相关信息，更能使的阅读教学富有指导性。
二、与同伴讨论，交流不同点
关注学生的不同意见，鼓励他们在彼此交流中阐述观点，更能利于深化认知感悟。指导学生多与同伴交流，能使得学生在带着问题进行深入研究的过程中不断获得深厚认知和丰富感知体验。多给学生腾出足够的思考空间，便于他们在主动讨论和争辩的过程中发现更多有意义内容。
与同伴交流过程，就是学生语言信息不断集思广益的过程。如，在八年级下册Unit 6 International charities的“Reading A An interview with an ORBIS doctor”教学中，围绕“Why do the poor people need ORBIS doctor？”和“How much do you know about ORBIS doctor？”进行同桌交流，帮助他们在深入理解感知的基础上获得更多表达信息内容。在此基础上，可建议学生就“If you were a reporter， what would you like to interview the ORBIS doctor？”问题，建议他们以小组讨论的形式进行交流，帮助他们在实践中增强认知感悟，积淀深厚知识。
多与同伴交流，能使得学生在说出自己不同意见和想法的过程中形成主动的冲动，增强他们学习的积极性和激情。创设的话题应在体现针对性和多样化的基础上，能够给学生更多的自由选择机会。多组织学生进行讨论争辩，帮助他们在梳理归纳相关知识要点的过程中形成有价值表达信息。
三、与教师切磋，增强自信力
多支持学生向教师发难，让他们在主动抒发意见的过程中强化认知，更利于他们收获不一样的感触与体验，让他们在感受到民主、平等、自由的表达环境中，大胆说出自己的想法。多尊重学生的观点，帮助他们在总结整理的过程中归纳提炼，形成一定的语言表达素材。
给学生自由提问的机会，多让他们就各自的理解主动表达相应的想法。如，在八年级英语上册Unit 5 Wild animal的“Welcome to the unit”教学中，结合表达的“How to protect wild animals？”主题，不妨建议学生主动和教师对话，从环境保护、生态文明的角度引导学生主动提出自己的意见和观点，帮助他们梳理相应的认知体系。
给学生提供自由倾诉的环境氛围，多让他们结合自己的认知主动修正不足，利于他们在不断强化整体理解感知的基础上开阔视野。关注学生的不同观点，可引导他们就各自的l现多提出独到见解，帮助学生在深入阐述中主动表现自己，获得更多的认知感悟，增强学习内生动力和激情。
总而言之，合作探知是英语教学的重要组成部分，也是学生认识英语和沟通交流的重要桥梁。围绕课程资源丰富、教学情境深化和过程互动，多从生生、师生的彼此交流中发现精彩点，定利于课堂教学更有前置性和有效性，满足学生的全面认知发展需要。
【参考文献】
[1]教育部.全日制义务教育英语课程标准（2011）[M].北京师范大学出版社，2011
